1. 1 Is Abortion Wrong? III

2. 2 Brody’s Project Brody argues that, given Thomson’s presumption that the squidge has a full right to life, her argument that abortion may be justified fails. Baruch Brody: “Thomson on Abortion”

3. 3 Abortion is not morally impermissible at least in (some?) cases where the squidge threatens the mother’s life. Recall Thomson’s Argument: Abortion is not morally impermissible at least in (some?) cases where the pregnancy is the result of rape. Abortion is not morally impermissible at least in (some?) cases where the mother went to reasonable lengths to prevent the pregnancy.  Famous violinist thought experiment  People seeds thought experiment  Henry Fonda thought experiment

4. 4 Brody Rephrases the “Extreme View” Argument 1.From the moment of conception, a squidge is a human being with the same rights to life as any other human being. 2.It is always wrong to take (directly) the life of an innocent human being. 3.Therefore, it is always wrong to have an abortion. Suppose a woman has become pregnant, but learns she has a heart condition such that she will die if she carries the squidge to term. (See Slide #6 from last class.)  Thomson challenges (2), and argues that a woman has the right to secure an abortion even if (1) is true.

5. 5 Arguments from Self-Defense It is always wrong to take (directly) the life of an innocent human being. Brody argues that there are much easier ways to defeat premise (2): Y is about to shoot X. X can only save his life by taking Y’s life. We certainly want to say that X has the right to take Y’s life, “even if Y is a perfectly innocent child.” So premise (2) is false.

6. 6 Arguments from Self-Defense In a normal case of self-defense, three factors seem to be involved: a)The continued existence of Y poses a threat to the life of X, a threat that can only be met by taking Y’s life. b)Y is unjustly attempting to take X’s life. c)Y is responsible for his attempt to take X’s life and is therefore guilty of attempting to take X’s life.

7. 7 Arguments from Self-Defense Indeed, it seems that all three factors must be involved if X is justified in taking Y’s life in self-defense: Y’s guilt is what makes X’s life take precedence over Y’s. If (a) is not satisfied, then Y’s living is no threat to X, but if (b) and (c) are not satisfied, then there is no relevant guilt on Y’s part that makes X’s life take precedence over his. But, it seems, if (a) and (b), but not (c), are satisfied, X has the right to take Y’s life in self-defense. So what is the justification for taking a life in self-defense? What conditions are required for an act of self-defense to be justified?

8. 8 Arguments from Self-Defense If Z threatens to kill X unless X kills Y, then Y’s continued existence poses a threat to X’s life. Nevertheless, if X kills Y, we want to say that he did so unjustly. So merely satisfying condition (a) is not enough to justify a killing.

9. 9 Arguments from Self-Defense Since the squidge is not attempting to take the mother’s life: The squidge does not satisfy condition (b). The squidge does not satisfy condition (c). So it seems problematic that abortions can be justified on grounds of self-defense.

10. 10 Lifeboat Argument As Thomson points out, in abortion cases, we are dealing with only two individuals (presumably each with an equal right to life). Both are innocent, but one threatens the life of the other. We feel that the one threatened can justly kill the other. Consider this scenario: X and Y are adrift in a lifeboat. Y has a disease that he will survive, but which will kill X if he contracts it. The only way X can avoid this is by pushing Y overboard, thus killing him. Surely X has no right to do this. So surely there must be some other grounds to justify abortion.

11. 11 vs. Different Duties, Different Outcome In the lifeboat case, both X and Y have an equal right to use the lifeboat. But in an abortion case, the woman’s body is hers, and not the squidge’s, and she has the primary right to use it. I have no duty to X to save X’s life by giving him the use of my body, and X has no right (even to save his life) to my body. The duty to save X’s life (if such a duty exists) is presumably weaker than the duty not to take X’s life. So I might be relieved of my duty to save X’s life by the fact that fulfilling it means abandoning my primary right to my body. But I am not relieved of my duty not to take X’s life by the same fact. Like the self-defense cases, something more is required here.

12. 12 Different Duties, Different Outcome The woman’s primary rights to her body are not relevant to abortion cases: In a case of abortion, one chooses between saving the woman by taking the life of the squidge, and not taking the life of the squidge, thereby saving the woman. As such, if it is true that from the moment of conception the squidge is a human being and has the same right to life as any other human being, then it is wrong to perform an abortion even to save the life of the woman.

13. 13 Is it Ever Right to Secure an Abortion? There is at least one case in which, even if it is true that the squidge has a full right to life, the woman has the right to secure an abortion: It is permissible for Y to take X’s life in order to save his own life if: X is going to die anyway in a relatively short time; and Taking X’s life is the only way to save Y’s life; and either i.Taking Y’s life will not save X’s life; or ii.There is a way to save X’s life, but it has been determined by a fair random method that Y’s life should be saved rather than X’s.

14. 14 In such a case, there is everything to gain by Y’s taking X’s life and nothing to lose: Both Y and X will die soon if nothing is done, so X loses nothing by Y killing him; and Either X’s life cannot be saved, or Y won over X in a fair random choice. Is it Ever Right to Secure an Abortion? This is not a principle of self-defense – X is in no way attempting to take Y’s life, and is doing no action that leads to Y’s death.

15. 15 An abortion would be justified if: Were the abortion not performed, both the woman and the squidge would soon die; and We either cannot save the squidge, or have determined by a fair random procedure that it is the woman that should be saved. Is it Ever Right to Secure an Abortion? This argument makes no appeal to any special fact about the squidge, the woman, or their relationship. It depends solely upon a general principle about the taking of some human lives to save other.