1. Visual Impairment

2. Factors Affecting Visual Function and Their Treatment Visual Acuity - ability to see "detail" –Measured using testing distance/letter size –Normal is 20/20 –Limitation on acuity level is generally determined by the spacing of the cones –Treatment: glasses or some form of magnification Visual Field - a person's peripheral vision Contrast Lighting and Glare –Often, too much light can be as detrimental as not enough

3. Definition of Legal Blindness WHO Definition: Best-corrected visual acuity of less than 6/120 (<20/400) in the better-seeing eye. WHO? US Definition: Best-corrected visual acuity of 6/60 or worse (<20/200) in the better- seeing eye.

4. Statistics In 2010 there were 937,000 blind Americans older than 40 (0.78%) 2,400,000 with low vision (1.98%) Thus, there were 3.3 million Americans aged 40 or more with a visual impairment in 2010 The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group (2004). Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Archives of Ophthalmology, 122, 477-485.

5. Cataracts A cataract is opacity or clouding of the lens that may develop as a result of aging, trauma, hereditary factors, birth defects, or diabetes Cataracts are a normal part of aging Prevalence factors –Caucasians are three times as likely as African-Americans to develop cataracts –Smokers have a 60% increase –Those taking medication for gout are twice as likely to develop cataracts No cataract cataract

6. Cataracts No cataract cataract

7. Corneal Disease Interference with corneal integrity can result in a blurred or distorted image on the retina –May experience severe glare, cloudy vision, and reduced acuity Treatment –Keratoplasty is the primary method of restoring vision for an individual with a diseased, irregular, or scarred cornea - procedure involves transplanting a healthy cornea from a compatible donor –Recently, lasers have been used to treat some corneal problems

8. Corneal Disease

11. Macular Degeneration Risk factors –Caucasian –Family history –High blood pressure or a history of hypertension –Light iris color –Smoking Functional Presentation –Visually manifested as distortions, a decrease in the visual acuity –Reading may become increasingly difficult and driving may have to be discontinued

12. Macular Degeneration

13. Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetes accounts for about 5,000 new cases of blindness each year –Approximately 40% of people with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy Functional Presentation –Fluctuating or severely decreased visual acuity –Problems due to glare, reduced contrast sensitivity, and various types of visual field problems

14. Diabetic Retinopathy

15. Glaucoma Basically three types of glaucoma –Chronic open-angle glaucoma: elevated pressure over time eventually affects the optic nerve and visual field –Acute (closed-angle) glaucoma: rapid increase or spiking of the intraocular pressure that may be accompanied by intense pain and even nausea or vomiting –Low-tension glaucoma: may be caused by a decrease in blood flow to the optic nerve Over a period of time; irreversible optic nerve and visual field damage will occur, impairing night vision, visual acuity, mobility, and reading skills

16. Glaucoma

19. Retinitis Pigmentosa A progressive eye disease that affects the pigmentary layer of the retina Most common cause of inherited blindness Functional Presentation –Night vision and peripheral vision go hand in hand - the more advanced the RP, the greater loss of peripheral vision and the more difficult to travel –Reading becomes more and more difficult as the visual field becomes small –Glare or light sensitivity is frequently associated with RP

20. Retinitis Pigmentosa

21. Stargardt’s Macular Dystrophy Functional deficits –Causes central detail vision loss –Peripheral vision is intact –Eccentric viewing is key to improving visual function Practical application –Eccentric fixation training –Low Vision Devices

22. Stargardt’s Macular Dystrophy The further out from the macula the scarring extends, the worse the resulting visual acuity.

23. Stargardt’s Macular