1. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20061 Chapter 10: User Defined Data Types Objectives: In this chapter you will learn about, Introduction Declaring Structure Type & Structure Variables Referring and initializing structure elements Passing structures to a function Using typedef Example using structure Enumeration constants

2. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20062 Introduction So far we have only used data types which have been defined by C such as int, double and char. It is also possible to create our own data types. A user defined data type is called a structure. A structure can contain both built-in data types and another structure. The concept of structure is pretty much the same as arrays except that in an array, all the data is of the same types but in a structure, the data can be of different types.

3. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20063 Definition A structure is a derived data type that represents a collection of a related data items called components (or members) that are not necessarily of the same data type.

4. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20064 General syntax: struct structure_name { data_type element1; data_type element2;... }; Example: struct student { char name[20]; int studentID; char major[50]; }; Declaring Structure Type Also called as structure tag Components / members

5. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20065 Declaring Structure Variables After declaring a structure type, we may declare variables that are of that type. A structure variable declaration requires: The keyword struct The structure type name A list of members (variable names) separated by commas A concluding semicolon Then, assume that variable of structure type student is my_student. So the declaration should be written as; struct student my_student;

6. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20066 Based on example: struct student By including this declaration in our program, we are informing the compiler about a new data type which is a user defined data type. The declaration just makes the compiler aware the existent of new data type but does not take an action yet. Based on the declaration of struct student my_student;  causes the compiler to reserve memory space for variable my_student and the components of its structure.

7. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20067 Structure variableComponentsValues name major studentID Simon 0078 CS my_student Conceptual memory structure variable my_student of type student (assuming that the components of variable my_student have already been assigned values)

8. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20068 It is possible to combine the declarations of a structure type and a structure variable by including the name of the variable at the end of the structure type declaration. struct student { char name[20]; int studentID; char major[50]; }; struct student my_student; struct student { char name[20]; int studentID; char major[50]; } my_student; =

9. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@20069 Declaring Nested Structure Members of a structure declaration can be of any type, including another structure variable. Suppose we have the following structure declaration, which is a member of struct type student: struct address { int no; char street[20]; int zipcode; };

10. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200610 We can rewrite the structure student declaration as follow: This structure type student can be written as; struct student { char name[20]; int studentID; char major[50]; struct address addr; } ;

11. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200611 struct student { char name[20]; int studentID; char major[50]; struct address{ int no; char street[20]; int zipcode; };

12. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200612 Referring and Initializing Structure Elements A structure contains many elements. Each elements of a structure can be referred to / accessed by using the component selection operator “.” (dot). Let us use the structure student which we have seen before as an example: Therefore to refer to the element of a structure, we may write as follow; my_student.name; my_student.studentID; my_student.major; struct student { char name[20]; int studentID; char major[50]; }; struct student my_student;

13. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200613 Therefore, we can initialize each elements of a structure individually such as: struct student my_student; my_student.studentID = 10179; Or we can initialize the structure while we are creating an instance of the structure: struct student my_student = {“Ahmad”, 10179, “IT”} Notice that it is possible to use the ‘=’ operator on a struct variable. When the ‘=’ sign is used, each elements of the structure at the right hand side is copied into the structure at the left hand side.

14. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200614 Example struct birthdate { int month; int day; int year; }; struct birthdate Picasso = {10, 25, 1881}; printf(“Picasso was born : %d/%d/%d\n”, Picasso.day, Picasso.month, Picasso.year); Output : Picasso was born : 25/10/1881

15. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200615 Passing Structures to a Function Call by Value: We can pass the student structure that we have created before to a function called display( ) as follows: void display (struct student); /* function prototype */ display (student1); /* function call */ void display (struct student s1); /* function header */ where student1 is a variable of type struct student. In the above function, a copy of the student structure will be created locally for the use of the function. Any changes to the structure inside the function will not affect the actual structure.

16. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200616 Example Using Structure: Call by value #include struct student{ char name[20]; int id; }; void display(struct student); /* function prototype */ void main(void) { struct student student1; strcpy(student1.name, "Ahmad"); /*initialising variable */ student1.id = 12345; /*initialising variable */ display(student1); } void display(struct student s1) /* make a local copy of the structure */ { printf("Name: %s\n", s1.name); printf("ID: %d\n", s1.id); }

17. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200617 Example Using Structure: A Function that return a structure #include struct student{ char name[20]; int id; }; struct student read(void); /* function prototype */ void main(void) { struct student student1; student1 = read(); /*function call */ printf("Name: %s", student1.name); printf("\nID: %d\n", student1.id); } struct student read(void) { struct student s1; printf("Enter name:"); scanf("%s",s1.name); /* alternative: gets(s1.name); */ printf("Enter ID:"); scanf("%d",&s1.id); return s1; }

18. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200618 Call by reference It is also possible to use pointers and pass the reference of the structure to the function. This way, any changes inside the function will change the actual structure as well. To pass a structure variable as a reference, the Read( ) function can be written this way: void Read(struct student *); /* function prototype */ Read(&student1); /* function call */ void Read(struct student *s1); /* function header */ where student1 is a variable of type struct student.

19. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200619 Take note that when a structure is declared as a pointer, the elements in the structure cannot be referred to using the ‘.’ operator anymore. Instead, they need to be accessed using the ‘->’ operator (indirect component selection operator). For example: void Read(struct student *s1) { s1->studentID = 10179; scanf(“%s”, s1->name); }

20. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200620 Example Using Structure: Call by reference #include struct student{ char name[20]; int id; }; void Read (struct student *); /* function prototype*/ void main(void) { struct student student1; Read(&student1); /* function call: passing reference */ printf("Name: %s", student1.name); printf("\nID: %d\n", student1.id); } void Read (struct student *s1) /* function header, receive structure as a pointer variable */ { printf("Enter name:"); scanf("%s",s1->name); /* you can also use: gets(s1->name) */ printf("Enter ID:"); scanf("%d",&s1->id); }

21. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200621 Using typedef in Structure Declarations The keyword typedef provides a mechanism for creating synonyms (aliases) for previously defined data types. Here is an example on how to use typedef when declaring a structure: struct student { char name[20]; int studentID; char major[50]; struct address addr; } ;

22. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200622 By using typedef: typedef struct student StudentData; we are now aliasing the structure with a name to be used throughout the program. So instead of writing the word “struct” before declaring a struct variable like the following struct student my_student;  we can now write: StudentData my_student; We could use the alias name when passing the structure to a function: void display(StudentData s1);

23. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200623 #include struct student{ char name[20]; int id; }; typedef struct student StudentData; void display(StudentData); /* function prototype */ void main(void) { StudentData student1; strcpy(student1.name, "Ahmad"); student1.id = 12345; display(student1); } void display(StudentData s1) { printf("Name: %s\n", s1.name); printf("ID: %d\n", s1.id); } Example : using typedef

24. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200624 Example: Array of structure #include #define NUM_STUDENTS 10 struct student { int studentID; char name[20]; int score; char grade; }; typedef struct student StudentData; void Read (StudentData student[]); void CountGrade (StudentData student[]); void main ( ) { StudentData student[NUM_STUDENTS]; Read(student); CountGrade(student); }

25. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200625 void Read (StudentData student[]) { int i; for (i = 0; i < NUM_STUDENTS; i++) { printf("Enter the studentID: "); scanf("%d", &student[i].studentID); printf("Enter the name: "); scanf("%s", student[i].name); printf("Enter the score: "); scanf("%d", &student[i].score); printf("\n"); }

26. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200626 void CountGrade (StudentData student[]) { int i; for (i = 0; i < NUM_STUDENTS; i++) { if (student[i].score > 90) student[i].grade = 'A'; else if (student[i].score > 80) student[i].grade = 'B'; else if (student[i].score > 65) student[i].grade = 'C'; else if (student[i].score > 50) student[i].grade = 'D'; else student[i].grade = 'F'; printf("The grade for %s is %c\n", student[i].name, student[i].grade); printf("\n"); }

27. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200627 /* Sample Output Enter the studentID: 789654 Enter the name: Salman Enter the score: 96 Enter the studentID: 741258 Enter the name: Jack Enter the score: 79 : The grade for Salman is A The grade for Jack is C : Press any key to continue */

28. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200628 Example #include struct car{ char maker[20]; char model[20]; int year; }; void input(struct car*); void output(char*, char*, int*); void main() { struct car firstcar; input (&firstcar); output(firstcar.maker, firstcar.model, &firstcar.year); printf("End of my act!\n"); }

29. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200629 void input(struct car *sp) { printf("What is the maker of your car? "); gets(sp->maker); printf("What is the model of your car? "); gets(sp->model); printf("What year is your car? "); scanf("%d", &sp->year); } void output(char *sp1, char*sp2, int*sp3) { printf("Your car is : %s, %s, %d\n", sp1, sp2, *sp3); printf("Nice car\n"); }

30. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200630 /* Sample output What is the maker of your car? Honda What is the model of your car? Stream What year is your car? 2003 Your car is : Honda, Stream, 2003 Nice car End of my act! Press any key to continue */

31. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200631 Enumeration Constants An enumeration, introduced by the keyword enum, is a set of integer constants represented by identifiers. (to specify one after another) Example: enum islamic_months { muharam, safar, rabiulawal, rabiulakhir, jamadilawal, jamadilakhir, rejab, syaaban, ramadhan, syawal, zulkaedah, zulhijjah }; Each of the identifiers actually has a value, starting with 0 (unless specified otherwise). Therefore, we can treat them as integers.

32. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200632 If we want the enumeration to start with a value other than 0, we can assign the value to the first identifier: enum islamic_months { muharam = 1, safar, rabiulawal, rabiulakhir, jamadilawal, jamadilakhir, rejab, syaaban, ramadhan, syawal, zulkaedah, zulhijjah }; Same as with the other data types, before an enum can be used, a variable needs to be declared: enum islamic_months months;

33. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200633 There are cases where it is appropriate for us to use an enum. This is an example of such a case: enum islamic_months months; GetMonth (&months); switch (months) { case muharam:... break; case safar:... break;... }

34. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200634 This is another case where it is appropriate to use an enum: enum Boolean {FALSE, TRUE}; void main ( ) { int list[]; Boolean found; Read(list); found = Search(list); if (found == TRUE) printf(“FOUND!!”); else printf(“Cannot find the requested item”); }

35. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200635 #include enum months {JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC}; void main ( ) { enum months month; char *monthsName[] = {“January”, “February”, “March”, “April”, “May”, “June”, “July”, “August”, “September”, “October”, “November”, “December”}; for (month = JAN; month <= DEC; month++) printf(“%d %s”, month, monthName[month-1]); }

36. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200636 Output: 1January 2February 3March 4April 5May 6June 7July 8August 9September 10October 11November 12December

37. User Defined Data Types - updated NI@200637 SUMMARY In this chapter you have learnt about Structure type and variable declarations How structure members can be accessed How structure can be initialized Passing structure to function Enumeration T.H.E E.N.D