2. Birds in the Midst of Change

3. Great Salt Lake Dynamics Natural Man caused

4. Natural Conditions Climate: a factor in long term trends Annual variation

5. Historic Lake Elevations An Indicator of Climate

6. Historic Lake Elevations An Indicator of the Annual Water Cycle Lake elevation measurement sites

7. Anthropogenic Influences on Lake Ecology Highlights from history Substantive effects

8. 1850 Highlights from History 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

9. Substantive Effects: Diking is responsible for the creation of four distinct ecological units. North Arm South Arm Bear River Bay Farmington Bay

10. Substantive Effects: Necessary construction to the Southern Pacific causeway in the 1980s has created a salt trap in the North Arm.

11. Substantive Effects: Current upstream water consumption reduces the standing lake elevation by an estimated five feet (Arnow 1980).

12. Substantive Effects: Of 400,000 acres of lacustrine wetlands 50% are currently under management by state, federal and non-government organizations.

13. Substantive Effects: Exotic fish (i.e., carp and gizzard shad) were introduced into managed wetland systems and water storage impoundments.

14. Substantive Effects: Nearly 200,000 acres on the periphery of Great Salt Lake are leased properties for mineral extraction and other industrial uses (DSLF 1996).

15. Substantive Effects: In addition to mineral extraction, shorelines have been significantly altered by: road and railroad construction WMA diking power line development other human activities

16. Substantive Effects: The commercial harvest of brine shrimp cysts, and other shrimp biomass, at times exceeds 200,000,000 lbs. annually.

17. Avian Use and Responses to Change Nine examples of GSL species and their response to change.

18. American White Pelicans Two decades of breeding adults

19. Eared Grebes

20. Tundra Swan 1960-70 Swan concentration area 1990s Swan concentration area Ogden Bay WMA Bear River Refuge

21. White-faced Ibis Strategic Nesters 1998 1999 2000 2001

22. California Gull Breeding Adult Population

23. Snowy Plover Snowy Plover, master of dynamic habitats: Double brood in optimum conditions Long lived (  survival rate 2.7) Exploiter of ephemeral habitats

24. Wilson’s Phalarope

25. The New Horizon: Integrated Conservation