1. Direct Quotes Quote in these situations: 1.Wording is particularly memorable or vivid 2.Words of a reliable authority lend support to your position 3.Citing an author that challenges other expert opinions 4.When discussing the author’s choice of words

2. Direct Quotes Change quotes for following purposes: 1.To emphasize particular words 2.To omit irrelevant information 3.To insert information for clarity 4.To make grammatically correct for your sentence

3. Direct Quotes Use Italics for Emphasis: In her 2001 expose of the struggles of the working class, Ehrenreich writes, “The wages Winn-Dixie is offering -- $6 and a couple of dimes to start with --are not enough, I decide, to compensate for this indignity” (14; emphasis added).

4. Direct Quotes Use Ellipsis Marks for Omissions: Hermione Roddice is described in Lawrence’s Women in Love as a “woman of the new school, full of intellectuality and... Nerve-worn with consciousness” (17).

5. Direct Quotes Use Brackets for Insertions or Changes: In the dark, cold streets during the “short days of winter,” the boys must generate their own heat by “play[ing] till [their] bodies glowed.” Music is “[shaken] from the buckled harness” as if it were unnatural, and the singers in the market chant nasally of “the troubles in our native land” (30).

6. Direct Quotes Use Brackets for Insertions or Changes: Guterson notes that among Native Americans in Florida, “education was in the home’ learning by doing was reinforced by the myths and legends which repeated the basic value system of their [the Seminoles’] way of life” (159).

7. Direct Quotes Quotes must be part of your sentence –Colon following an independent clause –Signal phrase and a comma –Integrated into the grammatical structure of the sentence

8. Direct Quotes Introducing a Quote with a Colon: As George Williams notes, protection of white privilege is critical to patterns of discrimination: “Whenever a number...” (727).

9. Direct Quotes Introducing a Quote with a Comma: Signal phrase can appear at the beginning, middle, or end. Similarly, Duncan Turner asserts, “As matters now stand...” (259).

10. Direct Quotes Integrate quote into the grammatical structure of the sentence More specifically, Wharton’s imagery of suffusing brightness transforms Undine before her glass into “some fabled creature whose home was in a beam of light” (21).

11. Direct Quotes Integrate Sources: 1.Mark Boundaries 2.Establish Authority 3.Use present-tense verbs (argues) 4.Quote of 4 lines or less may appear anywhere in your sentence 5.5 Lines or more must use block form

12. Direct Quotes Integrate Sources: 1.Sandwich the quote: Place the quote between interpretive comments that link the quotation to your paper’s argument. 2.Vary the language and placement of your signal phrases (Manual 113)

13. Paraphrase Paraphrase passages whose details you wish to use but whose language is not particularly striking. Restate all relevant information without any additional comments or suggestion of agreement or disagreement

14. Paraphrase It is often about the same length as the original passage Can use signal phrases at the start of the paraphrase

15. Paraphrase Must alter style and wording Must not add ideas Must not alter meaning Examples: Manual page 109

16. Summarize Summarize any long passages whose main points you wish to record as support for a point you are making. A condensed version of the writing in your own words. Include citation