1. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REFORM
ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT:

2. WHY ENGLAND? Geography and natural resources
Economic development and efficiency
Political support and protection
Social conditions included population increase
Agricultural Revolution meant greater food production

3. INVENTIONS PUSHED INDUSTRY
Cotton Industry #1
Flying Shuttle: Increased speed of weavers
Water Frame: Arkwright’s invention produces yarn fast
Spinning Jenny: Hargreave’s Jenny produced more yarn
Mule: Crompton’s combined Water Frame & Spinning Jenny
Power Loom: Cartwright’s loom meant weavers could keep up with spinners
Cartwright’s power loom 1787

4. STEAM ENGINE PLAYS MAJOR ROLE IN INDUSTRY
Steam Engine cause factory system to spread beyond cotton (flour)
Started as means to pump water from coal mines
Newcomen invents “steam pump” – 1712
Watt repairs a Newcomen engine and adds condenser creating steam engine in 1760s
By 1850, 90% of English Cotton Industry= steam

5. IRON INDUSTRY Iron transformed during I.R.
In 1780s a better method devised to make iron
“Puddling” introduced by Cort; coke used to burn away impurities
1740= 17,000 tons
1840= 2,000,000 tons

6. RAILROAD PROMOTES TRANSPORTATION BOOM
Started with hand carts for moving coal
Then cast iron rails
Then steam power in 1804
Then Stephenson’s Rocket in (16 mph)
Railroads built

7. CRYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITION
1851: First Industrial World’s Fair
Held at London’s Crystal Palace
Made entirely of glass & iron
6,000,000 visited 100,000 exhibits
Displayed England’s wealth & success

8. INDUSTRY SPREADS SLOWLY TO CONTINENT
The continent experience slower and more uneven growth than England
More agrarian than England – less urban
Lacked many of the advantages England had
Napoleon blockade hurt trade from
Customs barriers acute
Thus I.R. delayed

9. Some Advantages For Continent
Population growth meant both ready labor force & markets
Blockade did revive wool & textile industry
Continent borrowed ideas from England
Governments spend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

10. SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLAND & CONTINENT
Until 1850, the Continent lacked technical edge
England more Laissez-Faire, less Mercantile
Continent had more tariffs (Merc. Policy). See Friedrich List’s, National System of Political Econ.
Continent utilized Joint-Stock Banks – less private funds

11. 3 MAJOR CENTERS
Belgium: Cotton, steam power, investment banks, Cockerill
France: lead continent in cotton manufacturing
Germany: After 1850, heavy industry exploded in Germany

12. EASTERN EUROPE? Utterly lacking in industry Small middle class
Rural areas dominate landscape
Autocrats/nobles keep peasants down
Not until late 1800s does Russia industrialize

13. REFORM IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
Living conditions in urban industrialized nations was miserable
Overcrowding, lack of sanitation, pollution, crime, sexual immorality, drunkenness , etc. characterized the era

14. REFORMERS EMERGE
Disgusted by the conditions around them, some fought for change
Chadwick sought change through modern sanitation
Due to his efforts, England passed Public Health Act 1848

15. NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS
The term middle class increasing became synonymous with commerce, industry & banking
Previously term bourgeois meant merchant class
New middle class had common values such as resolution, initiative, ambition & greed

16. NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: WORKERS IN INDUSTRIAL AGE
In the course of the 19th century, factory workers would form an Industrial Proletariat
However, in a 1851 census from Britain, agricultural workers still outnumbered factory workers 2 to 1

17. UNIONS EMERGE
Soon workers looked to labor organizations to gain wages & better conditions
Combination Acts was passed in England to outlaw unions (repealed in 1824)
Owens formed Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834

18. CHARTISM Another movement was called Chartism
1838- In England this movement demanded greater democracy, 8-hour days, male suffrage, payments for Parliament
Lasting effect was worker consciousness

19. LUDDITES SMASH MACHINES
Some reacted negatively to the new industrialization
The Luddites, skilled craftsmen in England, attacked the machines of the new era
While some view them as naïve, others see them as illustrative of intense feelings against the new industrialization

20. GOVERNMENT RESPONDS
Slowly, governments passed a variety of acts aimed at alleviating urban hardships
A series of Factory Acts were passed in the early 19th century
These acts limited working hours and child labor
Other acts included the Ten Hours Act and the Coal Mines Act

21. EMERGENCE OF AN ORDERED SOCIETY
During the upheavals of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the ruling elite became more concerned about social order
Their response was to create & increase police presence and numbers, and to institute prison reform including less capital punishment & a greater focus on rehabilitation