1. SortingBigOh Sorting and "Big Oh" Adapted for ASFA from a presentation by: Barb Ericson Georgia Tech ericson@cc.gatech.edu Aug 2007 ASFA AP Computer Science A

2. SortingBigOh Learning Goals Understand several sorting algorithms –Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Quicksort Understand how to evaluate the efficiency of an algorithm –Best case, worst case, average case, and a general idea of which is faster –Also "Big Oh"

3. SortingBigOh Sorting We often want to put data into some order –Ascending or descending Sorting is often shown with array data –But you can sort anything that implements the Comparable Interface Sort Pictures by size –So that the SlideShow class shows the smallest first Sort Sounds by length –So that a PlayList plays the shortest sound first

4. What is Big-O? Big-O refers to the order of an algorithm runtime growth in relation to the number of items Focus on dominant terms and ignore less significant terms and constants as n grows For example: Selection sort – number of compares is n*(n-1) / 2 n*(n-1) / 2 = n 2 / 2 – n/2 the n 2 / 2 term “dominates” the n /2 term – because as n gets larger n 2 get much larger, faster than n does focus on n 2 / 2 term the constant term is ignored, thus selection sort has order of n-squared: O(n 2 ) SortingBigOh

5. What is Big-O? Big-O refers to the order of an algorithm runtime growth in relation to the number of items Focus on dominant terms and ignore less significant terms and constants as n grows For example: Merge sort – each call to sort requires 2 recursive sorts and 2 merges of an array of half size the merge operation takes (n/2 – 1) compares O(n) the sorting operation will cause one more level of sorts to be done when the array doubles, two more levels of sorts to be done when the array quadruples, thus sorting is O(m) where n = 2 m  m = log 2 (n)  O(log(n)) combined, the merge sort has O(nlog(n)) SortingBigOh

6. What is Big-O? Big-O refers to the order of an algorithm runtime growth in relation to the number of items I. O(l) - constant time (Push and pop elements on a stack) II. O(n) - linear time The algorithm requires a number of steps proportional to the size of the task. (Finding the minimum of a list) III. O(n 2 ) - quadratic time The number of operations is proportional to the size of the task squared. (Selection and Insertion sort) IV. O(log n) - logarithmic time (Binary search on a sorted list) V. O(n log n) - "n log n " time (Merge sort and quicksort) SortingBigOh

7. Selection Sort Algorithm Search the entire array for the smallest element and then swap the smallest with the first element (at index 0) –Continue through the rest of the array doing the same thing (second time with index 1) This uses a nested loop –The outer loop runs from i = 0 to i < a.length – 1 Inner loop runs from j = i+1 to j < a.length

8. SortingBigOh Selection Sort Code public void selectionSort() { int maxCompare = a.length - 1; int smallestIndex = 0; // loop from 0 to one before last item for (int i = 0; i < maxCompare; i++) { // set smallest index to the one at i smallestIndex = i; // loop from i+1 to end of the array for (int j = i + 1; j < a.length; j++) { if (a[j] < a[smallestIndex]) { smallestIndex = j; } // swap the one at i with the one at smallest index swap(i,smallestIndex); this.printArray("after loop body when i = " + i); } private void swap(int i, int j) { if (i != j) { int temp = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = temp; } private void printArray(String message) { System.out.println(message); for (int i : a) System.out.print(i + " "); System.out.println(); }

9. SortingBigOh How Efficient is Selection Sort? We make n-1 comparisons the first time –Then n-2 comparisons Then n-3 comparisons –And so on till »3, 2, 1 This is a total of –(n-1) + (n-2) + (n-3) + … + 3 + 2 + 1 The equation for the number of steps in an array of n elements is –(n * (n-1)) / 2

10. SortingBigOh Selection Sort Efficiency It doesn’t matter if the array was sorted or not when we start –Best case == worst case == average case –This algorithm will always take this long! Big O –(n * (n-1)) / 2 is (n 2 -n) / 2 –Keep only the item that grows the fastest as n gets really big so this is O(n 2 )

11. SortingBigOh Insertion Sort Algorithm Loop through the array and insert the next element in the array into the sorted portion in the correct position –Moving larger values to the right to make room –Start with the second item in the array At index 1 Use a temporary variable to hold the value at the current index

12. SortingBigOh Insertion Sort Code public void insertionSort() { int temp = 0; int pos = 0; // loop from second element on for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { // save current value at i and set position to i temp = a[i]; pos = i; // shift right any larger elements while (0 < pos && temp < a[pos - 1]) { a[pos] = a[pos - 1]; pos--; } a[pos] = temp; this.printArray("after loop body when i = " + i); }

13. SortingBigOh Insertion Sort Efficiency Best case –The array is in sorted order when you start Only n-1 comparisons with no swapping Worst case –The array is sorted in decreasing order Need (n * (n – 1)) / 2 comparisons and lots of swapping Average case –On average need (n * (n-1)) / 4 comparisons Big O –(n * (n-1)) / 4 is (n 2 -n) / 4 –Keep only the item that grows the fastest as n gets really big so this is O(n 2 )

14. SortingBigOh Merge Sort Algorithm If the current array length is 1 return –Base case on the recursion Else –Break the array into two arrays Copy the elements from the original into the new arrays –Create new ArraySorter objects with the new arrays »Do a recursive call to mergeSort on the new ArraySorter objects »Merge the sorted arrays into the original array

15. SortingBigOh Merge Sort Code public void mergeSort() { // check if there is only 1 element if (a.length == 1) return; // otherwise create two new arrays int[] left = new int[a.length / 2]; for (int i = 0; i < left.length; i++) left[i] = a[i]; int[] right = new int[a.length - left.length]; for (int i = left.length, j=0; i < a.length; i++, j++) right[j] = a[i]; // create new ArraySorter objects ArraySorter sorter1 = new ArraySorter(left); sorter1.printArray("sorter1"); ArraySorter sorter2 = new ArraySorter(right); sorter2.printArray("sorter2"); // do the recursive call sorter1.mergeSort(); sorter2.mergeSort(); // merge the resulting arrays merge(left,right); this.printArray("After merge"); }

16. SortingBigOh Merge Code /** * Method to merge back into the current array * @param left sorted left array * @param right the sorted right array */ private void merge(int[] left, int[] right) { int leftIndex = 0; // current left index int rightIndex = 0; // current right index int i = 0; // current index in a // merge the left and right arrays into a while (leftIndex < left.length && rightIndex < right.length) { if (left[leftIndex] < right[rightIndex]) { a[i] = left[leftIndex]; leftIndex++; } else { a[i] = right[rightIndex]; rightIndex++; } i++; } // copy any remaining in left for (int j = leftIndex; j < left.length; j++) { a[i] = left[j]; i++; } // copy any remaining in right for (int j = rightIndex; j < right.length; j++) { a[i] = right[j]; i++; }

17. SortingBigOh Merge Sort Efficiency Merge sort is usually more efficient than insertion sort and always more efficient than selection sort Best case == Worst Case == Average Case –Merge n elements m times where n = 2 m Big O –About n * m times and m is log 2 (n) so it is n * log(n) –O(n log(n))

18. SortingBigOh Summary See animations of algorithms at –http://vision.bc.edu/~dmartin/teaching/sorting/anim- html/all.html Students need to understand how to sort data –Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Quicksort All students should have some idea of the efficiency of each algorithm –should understand best, average, and worst case –need to know "Big Oh"

19. Merge Sort Timing vs. Selection Sort Figure 2: Merge Sort Timing (blue) versus Selection Sort (red)