1. 1 Research Paper Writing Mavis Shang 97 年度第二學期 Section IV

2. 2 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs I.Definition and Characteristics: A. Use both qualitative and quantitative methods in the design, data collection, and analysis B. Quantitative analysis first, and then followed by content analysis of qualitative data

3. 3 II. Importance in Educational and Psychological Research: A. Obtain a more complete picture of human behavior and experience B. Provide broader and deeper understanding of the issue Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs

4. 4 III. Three paradigms for deeper understanding: A. Pragmatic paradigm: 1. Researcher determines which method to use to answer a specific research question (i.e., find a problem/issue and use a method for solutions) 2. Conduct the study and anticipate the results based on researcher’s own values and explanations (the result may match their value system) Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs

5. 5 B. Transformative paradigm: Emphasize minority group’s values and viewpoints for “social change” (“Transformation” means “change”) C. Mixed-method design: 4 options to apply pragmatic and transformative paradigms

6. 6 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs IV. Mixed-Methods/Models Design: Apply the quantitative and qualitative methods simultaneously (parallel) or sequentially; 4 design options: A. Pragmatic parallel mixed-methods B. Pragmatic sequential mixed-methods C. Transformative parallel mixed-methods D. Transformative sequential mixed-methods

7. 7 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs A. Pragmatic parallel mixed-methods: 1. Collect qualitative and quantitative data to answer research questions 2. Collect two types of data simultaneously or with small time lag (almost simultaneously) e.g., examine 16 cases by doing a quantitative questionnaire study and qualitative open-ended interviews with two independent phases (no data analysis)

8. 8 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs B. Pragmatic sequential mixed-methods: 1. Collect and analyze one type of data (e.g. quantitative) as a basis for collecting another type of data (e.g., qualitative) 2. The second phase of research is to confirm or disconfirm the first phase e.g., questionnaires first; use the results to develop qualitative interviews

9. 9 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs C. Transformative parallel mixed-methods: 1. Use qualitative and quantitative methods to promote social or political changes 2. Explore the minority’s populations 3. Emphasize value-based and action-oriented purposes (make changes for improvement)

10. 10 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs D. Transformative sequential mixed-methods: 1. Focus on the minority’s populations and values 2. One type of data provides a basis for collection of another type of data

11. 11 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs V. Questions for Critically Analyzing Mixed-Methods Research: (see Table 10.3) A. Consider inference quality = internal validity (quantitative) = trustworthiness (qualitative) = consistency between research purpose, research questions, and methodology used

12. 12 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs B. Conflicts between qualitative (small sample) and quantitative (large sample), so need to link both data C. Need to consider a lot of factors e.g., language, gender, reading or writing levels (demographic information)

13. 13 Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs V. Questions for Critically Analyzing Mixed-Methods Research: (see Table 10.3) 1.What are your research purpose and questions? 2.Have you matched the purpose and questions to appropriate methods? 3.To what extent do you reach the criteria of the quality for the quantitative part of the study? (i.e., internal validity, external validity, reliability, objectivity)

14. 14 4. To what extent do you reach the criteria of the quality for the qualitative part of the study? (i.e., credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, authenticity, transformative) 5. How do you solve the conflict between the design and implementation of the study? 6. What is the limitations for generalization? Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs

15. 15 7. How do you integrate the results from the mixed methods? How do you explain the conflicting findings if necessary? 8. How do you control and explain the factors of gender, language levels, etc? Mixed-Methods and Mixed-Model Designs