2. 1 Research Method

3. 2 Method: Ways to collect your research data Quality of data: depending on the subjects’ willingness and knowledge

4. 3 Participants Who? a. Students? Company employees? b. Age? (mean or range) c. Gender? d. Other information (e.g. experienced internet users; English majors)

5. 4 Questionnaire (1) 1.Decide what to investigate 2.Decide the participants 3.Decide the questions a. the necessity of the questions b. a single question or a series of questions c. how much the participants know about the questions d. the experience that the participants have regarding the questions e. whether the participants remember the information regarding the questions f. the amount of time that participants need to gather information to answer the questions g. avoid repetitive questions and leading questions ( 導引式問 題, e.g. 「多數醫生認為抽煙對人體有害，您同意 嗎？」 )

6. 5 Questionnaire (2) 4. Types of questions: true & false questions; multiple- choice questions, open-ended questions ( 敘述 ) ☆ Scaling 量表式 : 1 2 3 4 5

7. 6 Questionnaire (3) E.g. 服飾會從何處去採購 ? □ 百貨公司 □網路有店面的賣家 □市場或夜市 □採 VIP 預約制的特色品牌服飾店家 □其他，請填寫： ___________________ * Open-ended questions E.g. 你希望課後體藝班的活動有哪些的內容？ ___________________________

8. 7 Questionnaire (3) 5. Wording & phrases of the questions: avoid difficult & ambiguous words 6. Sequence of questions a. General or specific/technical questions b. Easy or difficult c. Familiar or unfamiliar d. Sequencing: behavior ( 行為資料 ) ＝＞ attitude ( 態度 資料 ) ＝＞ personal information ( 受訪者個人資料 ) 7. Layout of the questionnaire: page number, size of the questionnaire & words

9. 8 Questionnaire (4) 8. Pretest: measure the time to fill out the questionnaires & difficulty that participants might have a. Participants of the pretest (carried out with interviews): < 50 people; share some characteristics with participants of the main study b. The appropriateness of the wording of the questions, order of the questions, the length c. Add or delete some questions; revise the questionnaire 9. Sending out questionnaires: mailing; one-to-one; on-line questionnaires

10. 9 Questionnaire (5) Mailing questionnaires Advantages a. A wide range of subjects b. Convenience: hiring people to key in the collected data c. Enough time for the subjects to fill out the questionnaire d. Anonymity e. No influence from the researcher

11. 10 Questionnaire (6) Disadvantages a. Low returning rates b. Low reliability c. Difficulty to get the subjects’ mailing addresses d. The importance of the questionnaire layout to attract the subjects to fill out the questionnaire e. Poor interaction with the subjects (cannot answer the subjects’ questions regarding the questionnaire)

12. 11 Questionnaire (7) Online questionnaire: E-mail, Newsgroup, BBS, WWW （ e.g.www.my3q.com; youthwant.com.tw ）www.my3q.comyouthwant.com.tw Advantages: a. saving time & money b. convenience to preserve data c. no geographical restrictions d. convenience to deal with data Disadvantages: a. requirement of the subjects’ emails b. requirement of the subjects’ computer literacy c. not sure whether the sampling is representative d. low reliability of the questionnaire data

13. 12 Questionnaire (8) Ways to raise the returning/filling rate a. choose participants carefully b. offer adequate number of questions in the questionnaire c. provide the subjects with motivations (e.g. money, gifts) d. have a better quality of the questionnaire e. state clearly the institution, name, research purpose, & guarantee for anonymity f. choose a right time g. remind the subjects in person

14. 13 Interview (1) Techniques for interviews 1. Preparations before the interview 2. Skills a. establish a friendly relationship b. listen to the interviewee c. interview with questions sequentially and logically d. observe e. remember the main points of the interview (taking notes) f. use good elicitation skills

15. 14 Interview (2) Procedure a. Confirm the purpose & review literature (rationale for questions) b. Decide the interview questions c. Choose appropriate sampling (representative 代表性 ) d. Choose and train interviewers e. Conduct interviews & take notes f. Write up the interview report

16. 15 Interview (3) Face-to-face interviews (by recording & videotaping) Advantage a. flexibility: can explain unclear questions/ words b. wider range of subjects: can include illiterate subjects or those who have no phones c. more complete information Disadvantage a. higher cost b. more time c. influenced by elicitation skills d. a lack of anonymity

17. 16 Interview (4) Phone interviews Advantages: a. more economic than face-to-face interviews b. time-economy c. anonymity Disadvantages a. time limit b. restriction on question types c. possibility for the interview to be interrupted

18. 17 * Structured interviews ( 結構性訪問 ) Ask concerned/focused questions Ask all subjects the same questions in the same order Use the same words & questions Interview (5)

19. 18 Interview (6) * Semi-structured interviews ( 半結構性訪問 ) Ask a series of focused questions Provide open-ended questions based on the interviewee’s responses for further investigation Require the interviewer’s experience

20. 19 Interview (7) 1. 你有沒有興趣讓子女參加課後體藝班？ 2. 你希望課後體藝班的頻密程度如何？ 每周一天、三天或五天？ 3. 你希望課後體藝班的活動有哪些的內容？ 4. 你認為本幼稚園目前在體藝的培養有何問題需 要改進？  封閉式  開放式

21. 20 Comparisons of different data collection methods