1. Lecture 2 Red-Black Trees

2. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 2 Red-Black Trees Definition: A red-black tree is a binary search tree in which:  Every node is colored either Red or Black.  Each NULL pointer is considered to be a Black “node”.  If a node is Red, then both of its children are Black.  Every path from a node to a NULL contains the same number of Black nodes.  By convention, the root is Black Definition: The black-height of a node, X, in a red-black tree is the number of Black nodes on any path to a NULL, not counting X.

3. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 3 A Red-Black Tree with NULLs shown Black-Height of the tree (the root) = 3 Black-Height of node “X” = 2 X

4. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 4 A Red-Black Tree with Black-Height = 3

5. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 5 Black Height of the tree? Black Height of X? X

6. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 6 Theorem :– In a red-black tree, at least half the nodes on any path from the root to a NULL must be Black. Proof – If there is a Red node on the path, there must be a corresponding Black node. Algebraically this theorem means bh( x ) ≥ h/2 Claim

7. 7 Claim (cont’d) example 26 1741 3047 3850 NIL h = 4 bh = 2 h = 3 bh = 2 h = 2 bh = 1 h = 1 bh = 1 h = 1 bh = 1 h = 2 bh = 1 h = 1 bh = 1

8. 8 Rotations Operations for re-structuring the tree after insert and delete operations on red-black trees Rotations take a red-black-tree and a node within the tree and:  Together with some node re-coloring they help restore the red-black-tree property  Change some of the pointer structure  Do not change the binary-search tree property Two types of rotations:  Left & right rotations

9. 9 Left Rotations Assumptions for a left rotation on a node x :  The right child of x (y) is not NIL Idea:  Pivots around the link from x to y  Makes y the new root of the subtree  x becomes y ’s left child  y ’s left child becomes x ’s right child

10. 10 Example: LEFT-ROTATE

11. 11 LEFT-ROTATE(T, x) 1. y ← right[x] ►Set y 2. right[x] ← left[y] ► y’s left subtree becomes x’s right subtree 3. if left[y]  NIL 4. then p[left[y]] ← x ► Set the parent relation from left[y] to x 5. p[y] ← p[x] ► The parent of x becomes the parent of y 6. if p[x] = NIL 7. then root[T] ← y 8. else if x = left[p[x]] 9. then left[p[x]] ← y 10. else right[p[x]] ← y 11. left[y] ← x ► Put x on y’s left 12. p[x] ← y ► y becomes x’s parent

12. 12 Right Rotations Assumptions for a right rotation on a node x :  The left child of y (x) is not NIL Idea:  Pivots around the link from y to x  Makes x the new root of the subtree  y becomes x ’s right child  x ’s right child becomes y ’s left child

13. 13 Example: RIGHT-ROTATE

14. 14 Insertion Goal:  Insert a new node z into a red-black-tree Idea:  Insert node z into the tree as for an ordinary binary search tree  Color the node red  Restore the red-black-tree properties

15. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 15 Insertion What Red-Black property may be violated?  Every node is Red or Black?  NULLs are Black?  If node is Red, both children must be Black?  Every path from node to descendant NULL must contain the same number of Blacks?

16. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 16 Insertion Insert node; Color it Red; X is pointer to it Cases 0: X is the root -- color it Black 1: Both parent and uncle are Red -- color parent and uncle Black, color grandparent Red. Point X to grandparent and check new situation. 2 (zig-zag): Parent is Red, but uncle is Black. X and its parent are opposite type children -- color grandparent Red, color X Black, rotate left(right) on parent, rotate right(left) on grandparent 3 (zig-zig): Parent is Red, but uncle is Black. X and its parent are both left (right) children -- color parent Black, color grandparent Red, rotate right(left) on grandparent

17. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 17 X P G U P G U Case 1 – U is Red Just Recolor and move up X Both parent and uncle are Red  color parent and uncle Black, color grandparent Red. Point X to grandparent and check new situation.

18. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 18 X P G U S X P G S U Case 2 – Zig-Zag Double Rotate X around P; X around G Recolor G and X (zig-zag): Parent is Red, but uncle is Black. X and its parent are opposite type children  color grandparent Red, color X Black, rotate left(right) on parent, rotate right(left) on grandparent

19. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 19 X P G U S P X G S U Case 3 – Zig-Zig Single Rotate P around G Recolor P and G Parent is Red, but uncle is Black. X and its parent are both left (right) children  color parent Black, color grandparent Red, rotate right(left) on grandparent

20. Insertion into a redblack tree 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 20 Example: Insert x in tree. Color x red. Only red-black property 3 might be violated. Move the violation up the tree by recoloring until it can be fixed with rotations and recoloring. Insert x =15.

21. Insertion into a redblack tree 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 21

22. Insertion into a redblack tree 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 22

23. Insertion into a redblack tree 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 23

24. Insertion into a redblack tree 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 24

25. 8/3/2007 UMBC CSMC 341 Red-Black-Trees-1 25 11 14 15 2 1 7 5 8 Insert 4 into this R-B Tree

26. 26 Example 11 Insert 4 214 1 15 7 8 5 4 y 11 214 1 15 7 8 5 4 z Case 1 y z and p[z] are both red z’s uncle y is red z z and p[z] are both red z’s uncle y is black z is a right child Case 2 11 2 14 1 15 7 8 5 4 z y Case 3 z and p[z] are red z’s uncle y is black z is a left child 11 2 14 1 15 7 8 5 4 z

27. Deletion Recall the rules for BST deletion 1. If vertex to be deleted is a leaf, just delete it. 2. If vertex to be deleted has just one child, replace it with that child 3. If vertex to be deleted has two children, replace the value of by it’s in-order predecessor’s value then delete the in-order predecessor (a recursive step)

28. What can go wrong? 1. If the delete node is red? Not a problem – no RB properties violated 2. If the deleted node is black? If the node is not the root, deleting it will change the black-height along some path

29. Terminology  X is the node being examined  T is X’s sibling  P is X’s (and T’s) parent  R is T’s right child  L is T’s left child This discussion assumes X is the left child of P. As usual, there are left-right symmetric cases.

30. Step 1 – Examine the root 1. If both of the root’s children are Black a. Make the root Red b. Move X to the appropriate child of the root c. Proceed to step 2 2. Otherwise designate the root as X and proceed to step 2B.

31. Step 2 – the main case As we traverse down the tree, we continually encounter this situation until we reach the node to be deleted X is Black, P is Red, T is Black We are going to color X Red, then recolor other nodes and possibly do rotation(s) based on the color of X’s and T’s children 2A. X has 2 Black children 2B. X has at least one Red child

32. P T X Case 2A X has two Black Children 2A1. T has 2 Black Children 2A2. T’s left child is Red 2A3. T’s right child is Red ** if both of T’s children are Red, we can do either 2A2 or 2A3

33. Case 2A1 X and T have 2 Black Children P T X P T X Just recolor X, P and T and move down the tree

34. Case 2A2 P T X L X has 2 Black Children and T’s Left Child is Red Rotate L around T, then L around P Recolor X and P then continue down the tree L1L2 P T X L L1L2

35. Case 2A3 P T X X has 2 Black Children and T’s Right Child is Red Rotate T around P Recolor X, P, T and R then continue down the tree R1R2 P R X T R1 R LL

36. Case 2B X has at least one Red child Continue down the tree to the next level If the new X is Red, continue down again If the new X is Black (T is Red, P is Black) Rotate T around P Recolor P and T Back to main case – step 2

37. Case 2B Diagram P XT Move down the tree. P XT P TX If move to Black child (2B2) Rotate T around P; Recolor P and T Back to step 2, the main case If move to the Red child (2B1) Move down again

38. Step 3 Eventually, find the node to be deleted – a leaf or a node with one non-null child that is a leaf. Delete the appropriate node as a Red leaf Step 4 Color the Root Black

39. Example 1 Delete 10 from this RB Tree 15 17 16 20 231813 10 7 12 6 3 Step 1 – Root has 2 Black children. Color Root Red Descend the tree, moving X to 6

40. Example 1 (cont’d) 15 17 16 20 231813 10 7 12 6 3 One of X’s children is Red (case 2B). Descend down the tree, arriving at 12. Since the new X (12) is also Red (2B1), continue down the tree, arriving at 10. X

41. Example 1 (cont’d) 15 17 16 20 231813 10 7 12 6 3 Step 3 -Since 10 is the node to be deleted, replace it’s value with the value of it’s only child (7) and delete 7’s red node X

42. Example 1 (cont’d) 15 17 16 20 231813 7 12 6 3 The final tree after 7 has replaced 10 and 7’s red node deleted and (step 4) the root has been colored Black.

43. Example 2 Delete 10 from this RB Tree 15 17 16 20 1310 12 6 3 4 2 Step 1 – the root does not have 2 Black children. Color the root red, Set X = root and proceed to step 2

44. Example 2 (cont’d) 1515 17 16 20 1310 12 6 3 4 2 X X has at least one Red child (case 2B). Proceed down the tree, arriving at 6. Since 6 is also Red (case 2B1), continue down the tree, arriving at 12.

45. Example 2 (cont’d) 15 17 16 20 1310 12 6 3 4 2 X X has 2 Black children. X’s sibling (3) also has 2 black children. Case 2A1– recolor X, P, and T and continue down the tree, arriving at 10. P T

46. Example 2 (cont’d) 15 17 16 20 1310 12 6 3 4 2 P XT X is now the leaf to be deleted, but it’s Black, so back to step 2. X has 2 Black children and T has 2 Black children – case 2A1 Recolor X, P and T. Step 3 -- Now delete 10 as a red leaf. Step 4 -- Recolor the root black

47. Example 2 Solution 15 17 16 20 13 12 6 3 4 2

48. Example 3 Delete 11 from this RB Tree 15 1311 12 10 5 7 3 6 9 2 4 Valid and unaffected Right subtree Step 1 – root has 2 Black children. Color Root red. Set X to appropriate child of root (10)

49. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 1311 12 10 5 7 3 6 9 2 4 X X has one Red child (case 2B) Traverse down the tree, arriving at 12.

50. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 1311 12 10 5 7 3 6 9 4 X Since we arrived at a black node (case 2B2) assuring T is red and P is black), rotate T around P, recolor T and P Back to step 2 P T 2

51. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 1311 12 10 5 7 3 6 9 4 X P T 2 Now X is Black with Red parent and Black sibling. X and T both have 2 Black children (case 2A1) Just recolor X, P and T and continue traversal

52. Example 3 (cont’d) 15 1311 12 10 5 7 3 6 9 4 X P T 2 Having traversed down the tree, we arrive at 11, the leaf to be deleted, but it’s Black, so back to step 2. X and T both have two Black children. Recolor X, P and T. Step 3 -- delete 11 as a red leaf. Step 4 -- Recolor the root black

53. Example 3 Solution 13 12 10 5 7 3 6 9 4 2 15