1. Aileen Wang Period 5 An Analysis of Dynamic Applications of Black-Scholes

2. Purpose Investigate Black-Scholes model Apply the B-S model to an American market Dynamic trading vs. fixed-time trading

3. Option trading is a variation of market trading Calls and puts Fee charged for making a contract Owner (buyer) of the contract has the option to exercise or to not exercise contract at time of maturity More controlled Investor has more clout Not necessarily at market price What is option trading?

4. Questions To what kind of stock options is the Black-Scholes model most applicable to? Validity: How does Black-Scholes generated call and put values compare with the actual historical values? Variable factors: Stocks of a different industry (finance sector stocks vs. agriculture vs. technology) Different volatilities, different price levels

5. Click to edit the outline text format Second Outline Level  Third Outline Level Fourth Outline Level  Fifth Outline Level  Sixth Outline Level  Seventh Outline Level  Eighth Outline Level Ninth Outline LevelClick to edit Master text styles  Second level  Third level  Fourth level Fifth level Scope of Study Analysis of input variables What are they? How will they be obtained? What formulas are necessary to calculate them?

6. Related Studies 1973: Black-Scholes created 1977: Boyle’s Monte Carlo option model Uses Monte Carlo applications of finance 1979: Cox, Ross, Rubenstien’s bionomial options pricing model Uses the binomial tree and a discrete time-frame Roll, Geske, and Whaley formula American call, analytic solution

7. Background Information Black-Scholes: Two parts Black-Scholes Model Black-Scholes equation: partial differential equation Catered to the European market Definite time to maturity American Market Buy and sell at any time More dynamic and violatile

8. Procedure and Method Main language: Java Outputs:  Series of calls and puts  Spreadsheet, time-series plot Inputs  Price  Volatility  Interest rate  Test data and historical data

9. Black-Scholes

10. Volatility

11. AAPL – Sample Case At a given time t, the stock price for AAPL was 239.94. APPL options used are ranged from 90.00 to 190.00 in increasing increments of 5.00. Three days until maturity, volatility of 20%, and a risk free rate of 0.35%

12. AAPL – Sample Case Graphs comparing call and put values of expected versus actual.

13. AAPL – Sample Case Model is a good estimator for call, but put values tend to deviate as strike price increases

14. Why doesn’t B-S always work? Out of the money Strike price is above stock price, option has no value Disregards risk such as Stock market crashes Unexpected outside influences (terrorist attacks, mergers and acquisitions) Typos? 1/22/10 Limitations

15. B-S has many assumptions that are far from valid in real life: Disregard of extreme moves Assumes instant, cost-free trading Continuous time and continuous trading Standard trading (volatility risk of currency adjustments) 1/22/10 Limitations

16. Disregarding extreme moves B-S model does not cater to external influences Influences are not predictable Unforeseen risk = risk that cannot be avoided by investors 1/22/10 Limitations

17. Instant, cost-free trading Real life trading is not instant Investor through system System orders on trading floor Order is put in Not cost free either Commission on stock trades Fee for setting an option contract 1/22/10 Limitations

18. Continuous time and continuous trading Several gaps in time on the stock exchange Big gaps: Friday afternoon – Monday morning Daily gaps: Tuesday afternoon – Wednesday morning Holidays: Stock exchange is not open for Christmas Company/news changes during the gaps are not reflected in the market immediately 1/22/10 Limitations

19. Standard trading Standard trading means that currency exchange rates stay constant over time FOREX Market for currency trading In the real world, currencies vary on a daily basis just like stocks 1/22/10 Limitations

20. Results Explore Option pricing with mathematics Validity of the model Comparing stocks of different volatility, industry, and nature Further research Comparison with other mathematical models Application into markets in other countries

21. Concluding thoughts Models Models are only models Models cannot ever predict human behavior Business and investing is not purely mathematical Always use proper human judgment Never rely on models to make all the decisions, financially or otherwise