1. 1) Linguistic determinism: Language determines / governs / affects non-linguistic cognitive processes [and behavior]. [STRONG and WEAK versions] 2) Linguistic relativity: Cognitive processes are different for different languages. OR People who speak different languages see the world differently. 1 Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 365, 370. Whorf Hypothesis

2. Testing the Whorf Hypothesis "Attempts to test the hypothesis that differences in language determine differences in thinking must, at the outset, define the three key terms." 1) "differences in language" lexical or grammatical 2) "differences in thinking" "habitual mode of thought" 3) "languages 'determine' thought" "Languages differ not so much as to what can be said in them, but rather as to what is relatively easy to say' ([Hockett, 1954:] 122)" 2 Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 369-370.

3. Evidence for the Whorf Hypothesis Lexical Evidence Color terms Lexical categories: typicality and familiarity Number terms: counting and naming 3 Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 369-375.

4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 black white red yellow green blue brown purple pink orange gray 4 Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 371. Hierarchy of Color Terms

5. Chinese English 1-10 arbitrary arbitrary 11-19 regular not regular transparent not transparent 20, 30…regular consistent transparent not transparent 5 Based on Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 374-375. Characteristics of Number Names -1

6. Western 16 824 x 3 x 7 x 4 English words seventeenfourtwenty-one threeninetwo Roman numerals XVIVIIIXXII V IXIII Chinese 十八九二十三 四六三 6 Multiply these numbers:

7. Lexical Evidence Color terms Lexical categories: typicality and familiarity Number terms: counting and naming Grammatical Influence on Cognition Form perception Counterfactual reasoning Cognitive representation of number 7 Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 369-375, 376-381. Evidence for the Whorf Hypothesis