1. Programming using C# for Teachers Introduction to Objects Reference Types Functions of Classes Attributes and Types to a class LECTURE 2

2. Summary of last lecture Hello world recapObjects & Classes? Variables & variable declarations Object Manipulation

3. What’s to come today? Introduction to Objects Naming classes(Abstract, base and inherited) Reference (object) types Functions of classes (reusability) Attributes to a class

4. Objects An object is an instance of a class, you can have many different instances of the same class All objects have states and behaviours. An object’s state is determined by it’s fields (variables) An object’s behaviour is determined by it’s methods State-Off Behaviour-No current flowing State-On Behaviour-Current flowing

5. Inheritance Simply put inheritance is when a class is defined in terms of another class This allows for the reuse of code Inheritance implements an IS-A relationship. E.g A giraffe IS-A mammal. Inheritance is one of the most important concepts of object oriented programming.

6. Inheritance Example

7. public class ParentClass{ public ParentClass() { Console.WriteLine("Parent Constructor."); } public void print() { Console.WriteLine("I'm printing from a Parent Class."); } } public class ChildClass1 : ParentClass { public ChildClass1() { Console.WriteLine("Child Constructor."); } public static void Main() { ChildClass1 child = new ChildClass1(); child.print(); } } public class ChildClass2 : ParentClass { public ChildClass2() { Console.WriteLine("Child Constructor."); } public static void Main() { ChildClass2 child = new ChildClass2(); child.print(); } } Both child classes are able to access the parent class’ public method “print()”

8. Abstract Classes A class that can not be instantiated, only sub classed (inheritance) An abstract class can contain abstract methods An abstract method is a method that has a declaration but has no statements We use an abstract class because we want to require subclasses to have certain methods or variables but want that subclass to fill in the rest of the code

9. Abstract Classes An abstract class is the only type of class that can contain an abstract method, otherwise the compiler will produce an error If an abstract class has an abstract method, then any class that inherits the abstract class will have to override the abstract method

10. Abstract Class Example class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Giraffe raffe1 = new Giraffe(); raffe1.printFeatures(); raffe1.print(); Console.Read(); } abstract class Mammal{ protected int numOfLimbs; public abstract void setFeatures(int numLimbs); public abstract void printFeatures(); public void print(){ Console.WriteLine(“This animal is a mammal"); } class Giraffe : Mammal { public Giraffe() { setFeatures(4); } public override void setFeatures(int numLimbs) { this.numOfLimbs = numLimbs; } public override void printFeatures() { Console.WriteLine("The giraffe has " + numOfLimbs + " legs."); }

11. Abstract Class Example An abstract class can also contain concrete methods such as the print() method in the previous example Concrete methods can be used so that all sub classes have access to that method The result of our simple program is as follows

12. Base and Inherited Classes A base class is a class from which other classes are derived from. Code can be implicitly inherited from a base class and can be reused by the child (sub/derived) class. An inherited class is a class that is based on another class. Inheritance allows for the reuse of code from a base class and allows for independent changes to be made

13. Base Class and Inherited Class Example public class Bird{ protected bool canFly; protected void setCanFly(bool cFly) { canFly = cFly; } public void message(){ if (this.canFly){ Console.WriteLine("This bird can fly"); } else{ Console.WriteLine("This bird cannot fly"); } } } public class Robin: Bird { public Robin(){ setCanFly(true); } } class birdTest{ static void Main(string[] args) { Robin robin1 = new Robin(); robin1.message(); Console.Read(); } Parent Class Child Class

14. Reference Types A reference type is a data type that stores a reference to it’s data instead of storing the data’s value. So a reference variable is stored and the actual data is stored This means different variables can reference a single piece of data. Since a single piece of data can be accessed by different variables. Modifying one variable may affect another. References are like labels for objects You can change and move the labels around but they always refer to the one object Examples of reference types in C#; -Classes -Interfaces -Delegates

15. Example using Classes Name = john; john = new Name(); Name mark = john; Variable Name – is a reference to the Name object Name is a class Memory allocates two different spaces; one for the data and one for the reference to that data Only one space is made available for the reference to the data to be copied into. Name Object john mark

16. Methods and References By default methods pass parameters by value in C# i.e. it will pass either a copy of the value or a copy of the reference depending on whether the parameter is a value or reference type. Parameters can be passed by reference instead of value by using the ref keyword foo(ref string eyeColour) { Console.WriteLine(“This person has” + eyeColour+” eyes.”); } ….. foo(ref string eyeColour); //method call

17. Functions of Classes The use of classes in object oriented programming allows for great reusability purposes. Classes usually do one specific thing and should be named to suit it’s purpose Once we have written a class we can access that class and use all of it’s methods and functionality To do this we need to make sure we have used the “using” keyword or that the class is in the namespace we are using

18. Functions of Classes Once we can use the class outside of itself, there is great potential for reusability It is possible to call methods from that class and use their functionality without having to rewrite all the code For instance if you are looking to create a program to calculate the price of travelling by car to three different places. You could write three different classes to calculate each distance or you could write one class that would allow for three objects to be created which could store the price.

19. Attributes An attribute is a special tag in a C# class It stores metadata about objects, methods or properties An attribute is usually a property of a property An attribute is marked by being enclosed by [] There are many predefined attributes available but it also possible to make custom attributes

20. Attribute Example #define DEBUG using System; using System.Diagnostics; public class Myclass { [Conditional("DEBUG")] public static void Message(string msg) { Console.WriteLine(msg); } } class Test { static void function1() { Myclass.Message("In Function 1."); function2(); } static void function2() { Myclass.Message("In Function 2."); } public static void Main() { Myclass.Message("In Main function."); function1(); Console.ReadKey(); } } Sets DEBUG to true if in debug mode Predefined Attribute checks if DEBUG is true Calls on the attribute class’ method The messages will only be printed if the compiler is in debug mode

21. What did we cover today? Introduction to Objects Naming classes(Abstract, base and inherited) Reference (object) types Functions of classes (reusability) Attributes to a class

22. What’s to come next time Principles of control structures in terms of sequence and selection