1. Antimatter Mysteries 1 Rolf Landua Research physicist CERN

2. Antimatter Mysteries 2 The story line of... Detective story about a secret society which...... steals 1 g of antimatter from a physicist at the ‘LHC’ in a place called “CERN”...... to blow up the Vatican, an old “enemy of science and CERN”. Angels + Demons: The Book What’s true ? What’s false ?

3. Antimatter Mysteries 3 Angels + Demons: The Movie

4. Antimatter Mysteries 4 Angels + Demons: The Cast @ CERN Tom Hanks Aliyet ZurerRon Howard Rolf LanduaSergio Bertolucci Tara Shears

5. Antimatter Mysteries 5 That’s the budget of my new movie “Angels and Demons” This much science will be in the “Angels and Demons” movie... This is what Dan Brown understands about antimatter.... That’s how small I feel after seeing the huge machines... *Da Vinci Code, Apollo 13, Beautiful mind,... What did Ron Howard* say afterwards? Before making ‘Angels and Demons’, director Ron Howard came to CERN to take a course on “antimatter” and the “LHC”. Angels + Demons: The Movie

6. Antimatter Mysteries 6 Antimatter Questions Antimatter in our daily life ? How is antimatter made The mystery of antimatter What is antimatter Where is antimatter made

7. Antimatter Mysteries 7 1 What is antimatter ?

8. Antimatter Mysteries 8 1 What is antimatter ? Matter is made of particles Electrons Protons Neutrons Quarks } Everything is made of matter (We, animals, plants, rocks) The whole (visible) Universe can be explained with 4 building blocks: Up-quark, down-quark Electron, neutrino

9. Antimatter Mysteries 9 Particles have specific masses and charges 1 What is antimatter ? *GeV = Giga-Electron Volt = 1.8 · 10 -27 kg NameElectric Charge [e]Mass [GeV*] Electron- 10.0005 Proton+ 10.938 Neutron00.941

10. Antimatter Mysteries 10 Anti-Particles have the same mass, but opposite charge 1 What is antimatter ? ParticlesAnti-Particles Name Electric Charge [e] Mass [GeV*] Electric Charge [e] Name Electron- 10.0005+ 1Positron Proton+ 10.938- 1Antiproton Neutron00.9410Antineutron

11. Antimatter Mysteries 11 Particles and antiparticles are always created in pairs...... and they can also annihilate each other Energy to mass: Mass to energy: 1 What is antimatter ?

12. Antimatter Mysteries 12 1 What is antimatter ? A world made of antiparticles could exist - and it would look the same as our world. Anti-Particles are as real as particles What is an anti-particle? Metaphores

13. Antimatter Mysteries 13 Careful with “antimatter E.T.” ! 1 What is antimatter ?

14. Antimatter Mysteries 14 2 Where is antimatter made ?

15. Antimatter Mysteries 15 Antiparticles are produced using accelerators The largest accelerator laboratory in the world is CERN in Geneva (CH) CERN = ‘Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire’ 2 Where is antimatter made ? 27 km long Proton Collider 14, 000 GeV collision energy 10,055 physicists from 105 countries (1618 physicists from US)

16. Antimatter Mysteries 16 Large Hadron Collider The most powerful particle accelerator in the world 2 Where is antimatter made ?

17. Antimatter Mysteries 17 2 Where is antimatter made ? New particles will be created that only existed shortly after the Big Bang Dark Matter ? The “Higgs” particle ? Mini-Black holes ?

18. Antimatter Mysteries 18 3 How is antimatter made ? E = mc 2

19. Antimatter Mysteries 19 Energy (e.g. photon) Mass of electron and positron e+e+ e-e- E → mc 2 3 How is antimatter made ? Energy is converted to mass

20. Antimatter Mysteries 20 3 How is antimatter made ? New particles and antiparticles are created in collisions

21. Antimatter Mysteries 21 3 How is antimatter made ? Antiproton Decelerator at CERN

22. Antimatter Mysteries 22 4 The mystery of antimatter

23. Antimatter Mysteries 23 Size (x 100) of the visible Universe at the ‘Planck’ time ~ 10 72 Joule 4 The mystery of antimatter The Universe started 13 700 million years ago Space and time came into existence. The space expanded, while the energy converted into mass (50 % matter, 50 % antimatter)

24. Antimatter Mysteries 24 4 The mystery of antimatter All the antimatter disappeared less than 1 sec after the Big Bang

25. Antimatter Mysteries 25 4 The mystery of antimatter It looks as if there was a giant ‘annihilation battle’ shortly after the Big Bang. Most of the matter and antimatter disappeared and produced lots of light (still visible). Only little matter was left = all stars, planets, us! Why did ‘our’ matter survive? Why is there ‘something’ and not ‘nothing’? Without this tiny asymmetry, we would not exist! That is why we study antimatter.

26. Antimatter Mysteries 26 5 Energy source? Weapon? Star Trek?

27. Antimatter Mysteries 27 Antimatter production requires energy 1,000,000,000 times more energy invested than released by annihilation Energy conservation No Dan Brown: Antimatter is the energy source of the future.

28. Antimatter Mysteries 28 Antimatter bombs ? 20 kt TNT = 8.4 · 10 13 J 0.5 g antimatter + 0.5 g matter Dan Brown is right: only 0.5 g antimatter makes an ‘anti-atomic bomb’ BUT: 0.5 g antimatter = 4.5 · 10 13 J Total energy needed (efficiency =10 -9 ) : 4.5 · 10 22 J Electricity discount price CERN [1 kWh = 3.6 · 10 6 J = 0.1 €] Price ~ 1,000,000,000,000,000 € Delivery time ~ 1 000 000 000 years

29. Antimatter Mysteries 29 Add positron emitting isotopes (e.g. F-18) to glucose molecule and inject into blood stream Positron Emission Tomography ! Glucose molecules accumulate (and decay) where energy is needed Use detector to reconstruct place of positron annihilation

30. Antimatter Mysteries 30 Positron Emission Tomography Antimatter annihilations help to understand how the brain works

31. Antimatter Mysteries 31 What did Ron Howard say after his visit to CERN? Back to Ron Howard...

32. Antimatter Mysteries 32 Thank you for your attention.