1. - Complementary Technology of Upland NERICA Varieties - Dr. Yoshimi SOKEI Agronomist of African Rice Initiative WARDA/ ARI/ JICA FAO Regional Workshop on Rice and Aquaculture for Productivity Increase and Market Development in East Africa Kampala, Uganda 13 – 17 April, 2009 JICA’s Activities on Rice Development in West Africa

2. Today’s Topics I. Results of Variety trial in 4 countries (Benin, Mali, Guinea, and The Gambia) (1) Performance of NERICAs in field level (2) Agronomical Characteristics of NERICAs II. Cultivation method (Complementary Tech.) (1) Seeding Rate (2) Seeding Method (3) Applying Fertilizer of Top dressing

3. My Activities (1) To clarify the agronomical characteristics of upland NERICA varieties with NARES (2) To develop cultivation method of upland NERICA varieties with NARES (3) To organize training course for NARES

4. Experimental Sites in W. Africa ○ Bamako ● Sikasso Banjul ○ ● Burikama ○Conakry ● Kankan ● WARDA ● ● ● ● Abidjan ○ ● Diebougou ○ Ouagadougou

5. Experimental sites in Benin ● Natitingou ● Bassila ● Glazoue ● Bohicon Nigeria Niger Burkina Faso Togo Ghana ● WARDA

6. – Mountain – Guinea

7. – Plain – Mali

8. – Hydromorphic – Gambia

9. Table 1. Present situation of the upland rice in Africa Share of upland rice area Yield Constraints Current Potential 44 (%) 1.0 (t/ha) 2.0 – 4.0 (t/ha) Drought, low soil fertility (N, P, Iron deficiencies, acidity, erosion,) Weeds, blast, stem borers, termites, striga, birds, nematodes (Research Day of WARDA 2006)

10. Characteristics of NERICA Varieties To identify Agronomical characteristics of NERICA varieties (1)Yield performance in different ecologies ・ Yield and Yield component analysis (2) Growth characteristics to develop cultivation method in different ecology ・ Leaf age and Tillering vs. time, Heading date, etc.

11. Material and Method (summary) Material: NERICA varieties, their parents, and Sativas Method: ・ Planting Method: Dibbling Depth: 3cm from soil surface Number: 5 seeds/hill Spacing: 20 x 20 cm (25hills/ m 2 ) ・ Fertilizing Basal: N:P:K = 30:30:30 kg/ha at 14 DAS Top dressing: N = 30 kg/ha by Urea) at Meiotic

12. Table 2. Yield of NERICAs in West Africa in 2007 Mali The Gambia Benin (Bohicon) F NF F NF F NF NERICA 1 3854 3237 1892 1431 2203 1641 NERICA 2 4635 2950 1489 859 2377 1682 NERICA 3 4889 3478 2255 1690 2648 1500 NERICA 4 3935 3901 2356 2012 2292 1394 NERICA 5 3984 3050 2208 1623 1833 1211 NERICA 6 4174 3068 1188 1056 2177 1640 NERICA 7 4260 3859 2317 1278 1752 1564 Mean 4247 3363 1958 1421 2183 1519 WAB 56-104 4397 2424 2795 2076 2249 1417 CG 14 1056 1313 1246 1627 781 1715 Dourado 3451 2772 Tox1011- 4156 3236 Kumabani 5617 3396 Sefa Fingo 353 280 Yom Koyo 1390 1066 INARIS 88 - - 2780 1901 IRAT 136 - - 2299 1840

13. Heading Date W: WAB56-104, CG:CG 14 IS88: INARIS 88, IRAT: IRAT 136 (BENIN) DRD: Dorado precoce (Mali) SFF: Sefa Fingo, YK: Yomkoyo (The Gambia)

14. Leaf Age of Flag Leaf on NERICAs L.A.N1N4N6N7IS88DRDSFF 11F 6.8 55.0 1.7 13.8 55.0 12F62.7 41.7 18.3 74.1 23.8 1.8 13F32.2 3.3 66.7 12.1 16.7 37.5 14F 13.3 15.0 5.0 50.0 15F 41.7 10.7 16F 30.0 17F 13.3 Table 4. Distribution of final leaf age (%) on NERICAs in WARDA 2008 (Single plant/hill, N:P:K= 60:30:30kg/ha)

15. Present Situation of Upland Rice Cultivation Method in West Africa ・ Deficiency of the Strategy for Upland Rice Cultivation especially early maturing variety (NERICAs) ↓ Cultivation method is used as same as lowland Rice one and/or late maturing variety. Exp: Timing of the fertilizer application 1 st : Basal (before sowing) 2 nd : 3 weeks after sowing 3 rd : Panicle differentiation stage (P.I. Stage)

16. Variety name No. of panicles /hill No. of grains /panicles % of ripened grains 1000 grains weight (g) Mea n SDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSD NERICA 14.71.0113.728.257.59.728.20.3 NERICA 25.41.999.614.356.516.329.20.3 NERICA 35.21.3104.88.573.52.930.40.1 NERICA 45.21.089.210.872.70.329.01.2 NERICA 63.80.7181.85.148.710.328.50.9 NERICA 74.91.397.513.268.34.536.11.9 WAB56-1044.91.2102.68.063.410.130.81.6 Mean4.9 112.7 62.9 31.0 Parts of The Yield Component under fertilizer condition in NARI, The Gambia (2005) (Single plant/hill)

17. Parts of the yield component in No- Fertilizer treatment in 2006 (WARDA) Variety Name No.of panicles/hill No. of grains /panicles % of ripened grains 1000 grain weight MeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSD NERICA12.90.175.21.375.21.328.40.5 NERICA22.81.491.912.279.25.628.30.5 NERICA42.70.4100.39.675.24.328.60.5 NERICA52.20.476.60.775.24.226.50.3 NERICA62.40.4163.53.277.57.130.00.5 NERICA72.70.5114.840.376.79.734.90.9 W56-1043.40.1111.68.181.92.731.80.5 Mean2.7 104.8 77.329.8 (Single plant/hill)

18. Concept of Complementary Tech. - Analysis of the Yield Component - 25 Hs/m2 x 8 Ps/hill x 100 Gs/panicle x 70% x 28g/1000 Gs = 3,920 kg/ha 25 Hs/m2 x 8 Ps/hill x 80 Gs/panicle x 75% x 28g/1000 Gs = 3,360 kg/ha 25 Hs/m2 x 7 Ps/hill x 100 Gs/panicle x 70% x 28g/1000 Gs = 3,430 kg/ha 25 Hs/m2 x 7 Ps/hill x 80 Gs/panicle x 75% x 28g/1000 Gs = 2,940 kg/ha

19. Concept of Complementary Tech. According to the Yield Component Analysis: (1) To Assure the No. of the Panicles/hill ・ No. of the sown seeds/ pocket ・ Sowing Depth (2) To increase % of ripened grains ・ Change of the Fertilizer Application Timing

20. Development of Cultivation Method Seeding (1) The number of seeds per hill (2) Depth from soil surface (3) Seeding Method Timing of fertilizer application

21. Seeding Rates Situation in the Field in West Africa

22. Seeding Rate Table 5. Produced grains vs. seeding Rate Variety Number No. No. % Filled Survived Estimated Ps/hill Gs/P Kernel hill(%) Gs/m 2 NERICA 1 1 5.0 106 63 59.6 5,004 3 6.2 91 64 80.9 7,364 5 8.0 87 57 92.7 9,323 7 6.8 69 63 89.6 6,597 9 7.8 48 58 93.1 5,008 NERICA 2 1 4.9 116 74 63.1 6,677 3 6.2 92 79 81.3 9,169 5 7.5 80 72 92.9 10,084 7 7.3 72 77 92.4 9,430 9 9.0 57 78 95.6 9,520 NERICA 4 1 5.6 92 75 43.6 4,194 3 6.8 88 70 69.3 7,215 5 7.3 82 72 88.7 9,557 7 8.6 79 72 86.9 10,563 9 7.7 54 76 85.3 6,639

23. Seeding Depth

24. Seeding Method- Broadcasting-

25. Seeding Method – Drilling -

26. Seeding Method - Dibbling -

27. Material and Method (summary) Material: NERICA 4 and 7 Treatment: (1) 3 Seeding Methods Dibbling, Drilling, Broad casting (2) Seed rate 1: 5 kernels/hill (40kg/ ha), 2: 70kg/ha (8-9 kernels/ hill), 3: 90kg/ha (11-12 kernels/ hill) Design: Complete randomized block design with 3 rep. Method Seeding Depth: 3cm from soil surface Spacing: 20 x 20 cm in dibbling, 30cm int. in Drilling Fertilizing Basal: N:P:K = 30:30:30 kg/ha at 14 DAS Top dressing: N = 30 kg/ha by Urea at Meiotic

28. Seeding Method and Seed Rate Table 6. Yield in different seeding method and Rate (kg/ha) 2008 Variety Method Rate Yield 5 seeds/hill 2876 Dibbling 9 seeds/hill 1994 12 seeds/hill 1939 NERICA 4 39 kg/ha 2005 Drilling 70 kg/ha 1581 90 kg/ha 1771 39 kg/ha 2221 Broadcasting 70 kg/ha 1773 90 kg/ha 1697

29. Fertilizer Application Timing Present: Vegetative stage ↓ Proposal: Reproductive stage

30. Example of Growth of NERICA 4 ↑ ↑ É É É É É É É É É É ÉÉÉ É É 4/26 5/3 5/10 5/17 5/24 5/31 6/7 6/14 6/21 6/28 7/5 7/12 7/19 7/26 8/ 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 The no. of Tillers Time É The No. of tillers J J J J J J J J J JJ J JJJ 7/26 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Leaf Age J Heading Date Meiotic stage ↑ Panicle formation stage ↑↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ↑ Panicle differentiation stage ↑ 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 DAS

31. Development NERICA 4(1) 17DAS 24DAS 31DAS 38DAS 45DAS 52DAS ← P.D.→← P.I.→

32. Development of NERICA 4 (2) 24DAS31DAS38DAS45DAS ← P.D.→← P.I.→

33. Visual Indicator of Initial of Young Panicle Differentiation and Formation Stage 3rd leaf before flag leaf 2nd leaf before flag leaf 4th leaf before flag leaf The 3rd leaf before flag leaf is much longer than 4th one. When the height of the 2nd leaf before flag leaf is as the same as the 3rd one, young panicle can be seen in many case(1~2mm length).

34. Visual Indicator of Meiotic stage Length between auricles (about 1 WBH) Young panicle around 1 WBH

35. Training 1month Training Course at WARDA funded by MAFF and JICA 2006: 5p (Guinea 1, Gambia 1, Mali 2, Benin 1) 2007: 11p (Guinea 2, Gambia 2, Mali 1, Benin 3, Burkina Faso 2, Sierra Leone 1) 2008: 8p (Guinea 2, Gambia 1, Mali 1, Benin 3, BF 1) OJT at each Country 2005: 10p (Guinea 1, Gambia 4, Mali 2, Benin 2) 2006: 13p (Guinea 2, Gambia 5, Mali 4, Benin 2) 2007: 18p (Guinea 3, Gambia 6, Mali 4, Benin 5) 2008: 18p (Guinea 3, Gambia 6, Mali 4, Benin 5)

36. Training Course at WARDA (1)

37. Training Course at WARDA (2)

38. OJT at each site

39. Thank you