1. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 1 George Tzanakos University of Athens Outline Introduction Physics Goals The NuMI Beam Detector Technology The MINERvA Detector Expected Results Connection to Neutrino Oscillation Expts Current Status and Outlook Conclusions MINER A NuMI

2. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 2 Main INjector ExpeRiment for v -A MINERvA is a newly approved FNAL Experiment designed to study neutrino-nucleus interactions with unprecedented detail. MINERvA uses a compact, fully active neutrino detector to make accurate measurements of v – A cross sections in exclussive channels. The MINERvA detector will be placed in the NuMI beam line upstream of the MINOS Near Detector.

3. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 3 NuMI Beam MINOS ND MINERvA Main Injector

4. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 4 MINOS ND MINERvA (Animation)

5. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 5 Red = HEP, Blue = NP, Black = Theorist D. Drakoulakos, P. Stamoulis, G. Tzanakos, M. Zois University of Athens, Athens, Greece D. Casper, J. Dunmore, C. Regis, B. Ziemer University of California, Irvine, California E. Paschos University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany D. Boehnlein, D. A. Harris, M. Kostin, J.G. Morfin, A. Pla-Dalmau, P. Rubinov, P. Shanahan, P. Spentzouris Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois M.E. Christy, W. Hinton, C.E.Keppel Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia R. Burnstein, O. Kamaev, N. Solomey Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois S.Kulagin Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia I. Niculescu. G..Niculescu James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia G. Blazey, M.A.C. Cummings, V. Rykalin Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois W.K. Brooks, A. Bruell, R. Ent, D. Gaskell,, W. Melnitchouk, S. Wood Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia S. Boyd, D. Naples, V. Paolone University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A. Bodek, R. Bradford, H. Budd, J. Chvojka, P. de Babaro, S. Manly, K. McFarland, J. Park, W. Sakumoto University of Rochester, Rochester, New York R. Gilman, C. Glasshausser, X. Jiang, G. Kumbartzki, K. McCormick, R. Ransome Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey A. Chakravorty Saint Xavier University, Chicago, Illinois H. Gallagher, T. Kafka, W.A. Mann, W. Oliver Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts J. Nelson, F.X.Yumiceva William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia

6. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 6 For mass splitting (  m 2 ) measurements in ν μ disappearance Understanding of relationship between observed energy & incident neutrino energy (E vis  E )  ultimate precision in  m 2 –Measurement of -initiated nuclear effects –Improved measurement of exclusive cross sections For electron appearance (ν μ  ν e ) Much improved measurements of - A exclusive   accurate background predictions  signal above background estimation –Individual final states cross sections (esp. π 0 production) –Intra-nuclear charge exchange –Nuclear (A) dependence For Nuclear Physics New precise Jefferson Lab measurements of electron scattering are inspiring nuclear physicists to consider neutrinos –Vector versus axial vector form factors –Nuclear effects: are they the same or different for neutrinos?

7. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 7 Axial form factor of the nucleon –Yet to be accurately measured over a wide Q 2 range. Resonance production in both NC & CC neutrino interactions –Statistically significant measurements with 1-5 GeV neutrinos * –Study of “duality” with neutrinos Coherent pion production –Statistically significant measurements of  or A-dependence Nuclear effects –Expect some significant differences for -A vs e/μ-A nuclear effects Strange Particle Production –Important backgrounds for proton decay Parton distribution functions –Measurement of high-x behavior of quarks Generalized parton distributions

8. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 8 Mainly from experiments in the 70’s and 80’s at ANL, BNL, FNAL, CERN, Serpukov World sample statistics is poor! Systematics large due to flux uncertainties See examples: Quasi elastic scattering Single pion production (CC) Total Cross Section Coherent pion production

9. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 9 S. Zeller - NuInt04 K2K and MiniBooNe

10. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 10 μ p  – p  + μ n  – n  + μ n  – p  0

11. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 11 E (  tot / E ) vs E NuMI flux (1-20 GeV)

12. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 12 Need an Intense Neutrino Beam (NuMI Beam) Improved Systematics in Neutrino Flux (NuMI Target in MIPP Experiment) We need a detector with –Good tracking resolution –Good momentum resolution –A low momentum threshold –Timing (for strange particle ID) –Particle ID to identify exclusive final states –Variety of targets to study nuclear dependencies

13. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 13 Protons π, K ν

14. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 14 120 GeV primary Main Injector beam 675 meter decay pipe for p decay Target readily movable in beam direction 2-horn beam adjusts for variable energy range Move Target only Move Target and Horn #2

15. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 15 Examples of Real MINOS ND Events in two spills: Extremely intense beam: means near detectors see huge event rates. Example: NuMI low energy beam, get ~million events per ton-year in near hall MIPP measurements of NuMI target mean that flux will be better predicted than ever before Perfect opportunity for precision interaction studies.

16. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 16 Assume: 16×10 20 POT in 4 years (mixture of LE, ME, & HE tunes) Fiducial Volumes 3 ton (CH), 0.6 ton C, 1 ton Fe & 1 ton Pb  16 M total CC events (8.8 M in CH, 7.2 M in C,Fe, Pb) Expected event yields: –Quasi-elastic 0.8 M events –Resonance Production 1.6 M –Transition: Resonance to DIS2.0 M –DIS and Structure Functions 4.1 M –Coherent Pion Production85 K (CC) & 37 K (NC) –Strange & Charm Particle Production >230 K fully reco’d –Generalized Parton Distributions ~10 K –Nuclear Effects C: 1.4M; Fe: 2.9M; Pb: 2.9M

17. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 17 DDK Connectors Scintillator and embedded WLS Clear fiber Cookie M-64 PMT PMT Box 1.7 x 3.3 cm triangular Sci strips 1.2 mm WLS Fiber readout Form Planes

18. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 18 PMT Box Assembly Fiber Bundle Fiber Cookie 64 signals Hamamatsu M64 MAPMT M64 MAPMT 64 pixels, 8 X 8 array pixel: 2 x 2 mm 2 QE (520 nm): >12.5% Cross-talk: ~ 10% Anode Pulse Rise Time: ~0.83 nsec TTS: 0.3 nsec Uniformity: 1:3

19. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 19 Downstream (DS) Calorimeters: –ECAL: Pb X 0 /3 between each sampling plane –HCAL: 1 inch steel ( 0 /6) between each sampling plane. Outer Detector (OD): (HCAL) frames Active Target: Segmented scintillator detector 5.87 tons 1 ton of US nuclear target (C, Fe, Pb) planes (absorber + Scintillator) Side ECAL: Pb X0/3 sampling

20. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 20 Steel Frame Scintillator planes or calorimeter targets Scintillator for calorimeters Mounting ears Lead Collar ECAL 3.80 m Side view OD

21. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 21 Proton and muon tracks are clearly resolved Observed energy deposit is shown as size of hit; can clearly see larger proton dE/dx Precise determination of vertex and measurement of Q 2 from tracking Quasi-elastic  n  – p p –– 

22. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 22 nuclear targets active detector ECAL HCAL    0 Production two photons clearly resolved (tracked). can find vertex. some photons shower in ID, some inside ECAL (Pb absorber) region photon energy resolution is ~6%/sqrt(E) (average)

23. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 23 QE Scattering Cross Sections Axial Form Factors Nuclear Effects Coherent Pion Production

24. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 24 np

25. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 25 MINER A

26. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 26 Contributions of the form factors to the cross section F A is a major component of the cross section. % change in the cross section vs % change in the form factors

27. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 27 Efficiencies and Purity included. Miner a (4 year run} F A from previous D 2 experiments Dipole Form: Vector form factors measured with electrons. G E /G M ratio varies with Q2 - a surprise from JLab Axial form factor poorly known

28. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 28 F A from the D 2 experiments. Deviation from Dipole behavior. Plot F A /Dipole form vs Q 2 Cross Section/Dipole Polarization/Dipole MINERvA can determine: Whether F A deviates from a dipole Which Q 2 form is correct: “cross-section” or “polarization”

29. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 29 Neutral pion production is a significant background for neutrino oscillations –Asymmetric π 0 showers can be confused with an electron shower  ±  0   ± NN P Z/W Tests understanding of the weak interaction –The cross section can be calculated in various models  Precision measurement of  (E) for NC and CC channels  Measurement of A-dependence  Comparison with theoretical models

30. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 30 Expected MiniBooNe & K2K measurements 4-year MINERVA run

31. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 31 MINERvA’s nuclear targets allow the first measurement of the A-dependence of σ coh across a wide A range A MINERvA errors Rein-Seghal model Paschos- Kartavtsev model A-range of current measurements Plotted: σ coh vs. A

32. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 32 Nuclear Effects & Δm 2 Measurements E vis ≠ E –Understand the relationship E vis  E –π absorption & rescattering –Final state rest masses –v-nuclear corrections predicted to be different from those in charged lepton scattering (studied from Deuterium to Pb at high energies ) n π μ Sergey Kulagin model F 2, Pb/C (MINER A stat. errors)

33. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 33 Fe: Effect of pion absorption Nuclear targets: C, Fe, Pb No Pion Absorption Effect of pion rescattering Plotted: E vis /E versus E C Pb Fe -3  +3  Nominal abs

34. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 34 Before MINERvA (AM) Post MINERvA (PM) (δΔ/Δ) versus Δ (Δ  Δm 2 )

35. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 35 Total fractional error in the predictions as a function of reach (NOvA ) ProcessQERESCOHDIS  NOW (CC,NC) (%) 204010020  after MINER A (CC,NC) (%) 5/na5/105/205/10 NOvA ’ s near detector will see different mix of events than the far detector Before After

36. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 36 To make an accurate prediction one needs –1 - 4 GeV neutrino cross sections (with energy dependence ) MINERvA can provide these with low energy NuMI configuration T2K’s ND will see different mix of events than the FD

37. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 37 April 2004 – Stage I approval from FNAL PAC October 2004 – Complete first Vertical Slice Test with MINERνA extrusions, WLS fiber and Front-End electronics January 2005 – First Project Director’s (‘Temple’) Review Summer 2005 – Second Vertical Slice Test December 2005 – Projected Date for MINERvA Project Baseline Review October 2006 – Start of Construction Summer 2008 – MINERvA Installation and Commissioning in NuMI Near Hall

38. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 38 Presently Low Energy - Nucleus interactions are poorly measured. MINER A, a recently approved experiment, brings together the expertise of the HEP and NP communities to use the NuMI beam and a high granularity detector to break new ground on precision low-energy -A interaction measurements. MINERvA will provide a high statistics and improved systematics study of important exclusive channels across a wider E range than currently available. With excellent knowledge of the beam (NuMI + MIPP), exclusive cross sections will be measured with unprecedented precision. MINERvA will make a systematic study of nuclear effects in -A interactions (different than well-studied e-A channels) using C, Fe and Pb targets. MINERvA will help improve the systematic errors of current and future neutrino oscillation experiments (MINOS, NOvA, T2K, and others).

39. George Tzanakos, University of Athens, GreeceERICE05, Sept 23, 2005 39 The MINERvA Collaboration Especially: S. Boyd, H. Budd, D. Harris, K. McFarland, J. Morfin, J. Nelson, R. Ransome