1. Rangeland Soil – Vegetation Relationships Dan Robinett – USDA - USAID Kabul, 2006 9

2. Objectives of this Training Introduce Soil and Vegetation Relationships Provide definitions –Ecosystem –Plant Community –Rangeland Inventory Learn About Potential Vegetation Understand Plant Communities Understand Rangeland Condition Understand Carrying Capacity Understand Grazing Management

3. Why Soil and Vegetation Relationships are Important To manage vegetation effectively we must understand how plants live in a community and survive from year to year on a site We need to know what kind of plant community can exist on a site so we can establish realistic goals and objectives We need to understand ecological processes so we can manage rangelands in a sustainable way

4. Ecosystem An ecosystem is a naturally interacting community of plants, animals and humans and their surrounding environment An Ecosystem is defined by its climate, topography, geology and processes Energy Flow Water Cycle Mineral Cycle

5. Afghan Ecosystems VegetationGeology PrecipitationClimate regions

6. Afghan Ecosystems

7. Ecosystems Have A Characteristic Climate A Characteristic Flora (vegetation) A Characteristic Fauna (animals) A Characteristic Geography (topography, latitude, longitude) Characteristic Geology Characteristic Human Occupation

8. Within Ecosystems There are Different Plant Communities A Plant Community is a group of plant species that live together Plant Communities are specific to: –Soil type –Climate –Topography –Slope and aspect

9. A Plant Community Is A unique group of plant species that –Live together –Are adapted to the site and the soil type –Fully occupy the site Usually composed of a mixture of growth forms –Grasses –Forbs –Shrubs (and sometimes trees) Usually composed of a mixture of plant habits –Annual –Perennial –Deciduous –Evergreen

10. Potential Vegetation The plant community that is possible on a soil within a climatic area is the Potential Vegetation It is often hard to determine Historic evidence –Photographs –Interviews of elders –Written accounts Information from protected areas Rangeland inventory What is the potential vegetation here?

11. Why is it Important to Know Potential Vegetation? We can easily see that this area is over grazed; has severe erosion and low productivity How can we try to improve this area if we do not know its potential? Is this desert, grassland or shrub-land? Can trees grow here?

12. What Potential Vegetation Information Helps Us Do We must have an idea of what the potential plant community is for any area we want to manage or rehabilitate If we know the potential we can develop objectives for an area that are realistic and will have a good chance at success If we know the potential we can design land rehabilitation and plantings that are appropriate, using species that are adapted to the area

13. First We Need to Know Our Plants Scientific names Local or common names Characteristics –Identification –Habit, life form, life span Forage value Erosion value Other properties –Medicinal –Toxicity Malva neglecta, (pan irak) Hordeum leporinum, (cabal)

14. How to Collect Plants Collect plantPrepare contact paper Place plant on sticky sideUse white paper for backing

15. How to Collect Plants, cont. Name, date, location Make a Collection Finished specimen Take plants to experts for identification Use plant books to help in identification Write down scientific names Write down local names Make a collection! Know Your Plants!

16. Then We can Develop Information About Potential Vegetation Use the Written History of the Area Use Old Photography from the Area Use Old Land Studies or Research Areas Use the Testimony of Older People in Villages Use the Knowledge of Experts from Other Areas with Similar Climate and Soils Use Research from Neighboring Countries

17. Using Historic Information Old photographs can show how plants and soils have changed In this example from Arizona we can see how grassland has changed to shrub- land and how much erosion has occurred in 90 years 1893 1983 Border between Mexico and US

18. Using Old Research Areas Old Photographs and old rangeland studies can add to our knowledge about plant communities In this example from Arizona the old photographs plus an old watershed study shows us how things have changed in 90 years 1907 1997 Monk Ranch watershed, Arizona

19. Using Information from Elders Older villagers often remember what kind of plants used to grow in an area Elders may know the history of how vegetation has changed over time They may remember the causes for change (drought, flood, fire, etc.)

20. Describe Afghan Vegetation Potential By precipitation zone –>100 mm –100-200mm By major soil types –Saline soils –Limy soils –Shallow soils By plant species –Composition and cover By productivity –Kilograms/hectare/year Shallow soil Deep, limy soil

21. Develop Descriptions of Ecological Sites Shallow site, central provinces 200-300mm precip./year 1500-2000 m elevation Plant species composition Range in plant cover Range in production in kilograms / hectare 5 shrub species, 4 grass species, 4 forb species 10-15% cover 300-400 kg./ha./yr.

22. More Ecological Site Descriptions Deep, limy site, central provinces 200-300 mm. precip./year 1500-2000 m. elevation Plant species composition Range in plant cover Range in production in kilograms / hectare 1 shrub species, 10 grass species, 10 forb species 30-40% 800-1000 kg./ha./yr.

23. Develop an Afghan Technical Guide Ecosystem descriptions Precipitation zones Major soil types Topography and slope Description of potential vegetation species and composition cover and production Interpretations Rangeland capability Rangeland suitability Carrying capacity Erosion hazard Conservation practices Ecological Site Description

24. Rangeland Inventory Mapping of sites Measurements of vegetation Mapping of patterns of livestock grazing Mapping of cultural resources –Water locations –Roads and villages –Camps, settlements

25. Rangeland Condition Compare existing vegetation to potential vegetation Compare existing plant cover and production to potential Evaluate erosion Other factors –Noxious plants –Drought

26. Rangeland Condition Example Score-sheet –Good Condition Most plant species present on site Cover and production near normal –Fair Condition Half of plant species present on the site Cover and production are 40-60% of normal –Poor condition Most plant species present are annuals Cover and production are 10-30% of normal

27. Range Condition - Deep, Limy site Potential vegetation 1 shrub species, 10 grass species, 10 forb species Cover is 30-40% Production is 800-1000 kg./ha./yr. No erosion Present vegetation No shrub species, 2 grasses (annuals), 3 forbs (annuals) Cover is 10% Production is 200 kg./ha. Active wind and water erosion Poor condition

28. Range Trend Range trend is the direction of a plant community, towards or away from the potential vegetation Apparent trend –Estimated Actual trend –Determined by periodic vegetation measurements Is trend up, down or static?

29. Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is the approximate number of animals that the land can sustain, year after year, without causing damage to the vegetation or soil resources.

30. Carrying Capacity is a Function of Ecological sites Range condition Yearly precipitation Management objectives –Do you want the range to improve? –Do you want the range to stay the same? –Do you want cleaner water and more forage? –Do you want longer stream-flow for a longer irrigation season?

31. Calculate Carrying Capacity Determine the land area in hectares for each site Measure production in kg./ha. for each site A 75 kg. sheep eats 1.5 kg. dry forage per day or 550 kg. forage per year Eat half and leave half Example

32. Calculate Carrying Capacity 1000 ha. with 200 kg./ha. production Eat half = 100 kg/ha 100,000 kg forage / 550 kg/sheep = 182 sheep for one year Example

33. Other Considerations If soil erosion is severe more plant cover might need to be left on a site If the management objective is to maximize water quality and quantity more plant cover may need to be left on site

34. Other Considerations If Nomads are using shrubs for fuel (Herat study – 12 kg shrubs / day / household in winter) The carrying capacity might have to be set by the production of shrubs Shrubs for fuel

35. Carrying Capacity for Arid Lands Research done for many years in the arid United States and in Australia have shown that Carrying Capacity should not exceed 30% of the average forage production of an area –Usually we recommend 50% This allows for proper grazing even in dry years Animals can be kept on the range longer in wet years to use additional forage and put on more weight for market

36. Grazing Management What Can We Do? Graze all of the range each year but only use half of the forage, leave the other half for soil protection and organic matter This means that Nomads might have to move camp more often but –As the range improves they will have better forage, more animal production, better water supplies and more plants for fuel –Their rights have to be respected so that they can realize the benefits of their efforts

37. Grazing Management, cont. Rest rangeland that is in poor condition through the growing season (Feb. – June) to allow for recovery of grasses and shrubs Graze rangeland that is rested (after seeds have produced) to help plant seeds with the animals feet and trample litter into the soil. Each year graze in a different pattern so areas are not used at the same time every year

38. Grazing Management, cont. Do not graze spring ranges too early, remember that plants have to green up after winter with food they stored in their roots. They need time in the spring to grow enough green leaves so they can convert solar energy into chemical energy and be healthy and productive

39. Grazing Management, cont. Remember that when the green color of a grass plant changes to straw color, the leaves are dead and the plant can be more heavily grazed then when it is green We still need to leave enough cover –To protect the soils from erosion –To trap snow and rain on the site and allow it to soak into the soil –To protect the plant base and roots from winter cold and summer heat

40. Summary We Have –Introduced Soil and Vegetation Relationships –Provided definitions –Learned About Potential Vegetation Understanding of Plant Communities Understanding of Rangeland Condition Understanding of Carrying Capacity Understanding of Grazing Management

41. The End Remember that Rangeland Management is both a Skill and a Science Remember that in Rangeland management you have to meet the needs of the –Plants –Animals –And the People Tashakor