1. The spread of Islam over mainland Asia China

7. Frontier China China Proper MongoliaIndia Japan Taiwan The Koreas

11. R. Huang He (Yellow) R. Xi Jiang (Pearl) Beijing Shanghai Hong Kong R. Chang Jiang (Yangzi)

21. “Ganesh Invocation”, Ananda Reminders: East Asia is dominated by one-party China, but even multiparty alternatives (Japan, etc.) also have a modern history of largely (U.S.-) controlled economic development, challenging democracy. Post-Cold War retreat of US support contributes to weakening conditions.

26. Ganges R. Brahmaputra R. Indus R.

28. (Tibet) China India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan

31. W. Pakistan Burma E. Pakistan after 1947 Bengal Punjab Kashmir

33. Srinagar Amritsar Lahore Islamabad

35. The Farakka Barrage (est.1976) (Calcutta, 65km N of the sea) Hugli R. Brahmaputra R.

36. W. Pakistan Burma E. Pakistan India Ceylon after 1947 after 1971 Sri Lanka Bangladesh Pakistan Myanmar after 1989

37. Myanmar(Burma)

44. Tonlé Sap

45. Mekong R.

52. West Papua Ambon Aceh East Timor Timor Leste