1. CONTROLLING PROGRAM FLOW
CHAPTER 4
CONTROLLING PROGRAM FLOW

2. The if Statement Allow a program to make decisions. Syntax Example:
if (Temp < 5)
cout << “Wear a coat today.” << endl;
Syntax
if (condition)
statement;

3. Boolean expression
An expression that evaluates to either true or false.
Use relational operators
Operator Meaning
== equal
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than equal to
!= not equal to

4. Examples ch <= ‘Z’; Grade == 12; FruitName == “Banana”;
Radius != 0;
2*pi*Radius >= Area;

5. /. Temperature program. / #include <iostream
/*Temperature program */ #include <iostream.h> int main( ) { double Temp; cout << “Enter today’s temperature(Celsius): “; cin >> Temp; if (Temp < 5) cout << “Wear a coat today.” << endl; cout << “Have a gret day!” << endl; return (0); }

6. 4.2 if Pitfalls
Never make equality comparisons (== or !=) with values that may have fractional parts.
if (480 == 4.8 * 100)
cout << “These are equal!”;
Compare values of only the same type
Example: ‘2’ > 3; (page 7.12)
= vs ==
Misplaced semicolon

7. 4. 3 The if-else Statement
Can include an else clause when condition is false
if (condition)
statement;
else
Indention is good programming style.

8. if (Temp < 5)
cout << “Wear a coat today.” << endl;
else
cout << “Don’t wear a coat today.” << endl;

9. Modify the Circle Area program to display an error message when the value entered for Radius is negative. If Radius is a positive value or zero, only the resulting area in a message should be displayed. The error message should look similar to:
Radius entered was -3.4
Negative radii are illegal.

10. #include <iostream.h>
int main( ) {
double Radius;
cout << “Enter a radius: “;
cin >> Radius;
if (Radius < 0)
cout << “Radius entered was “ << Radius;
cout << “Negative radii are illegal.” << endl; }
else
cout << “Area = “ << (3.14 * Radius * Radius) << endl;
return (0);

11. 4.5 Nested if Statements
An if statement that contains another if statement
if (Votes1 == Votes2)
cout << “It was a tie!” << endl;
else
if (Votes1 > Votes 2)
cout << Candidate1 << “ is the winner”;
cout << Candidate2 << “ is the winner.”;

12. 4.6 The else-if Ladder
Used to decide among three, four, or more actions.
if (temp <= 0)
cout << “Freezing”;
else if (temp < 13)
cout << “Cool”;
else if (temp < 41)
cout << “Hot”;
else
cout << “Very hot”;
Does not contain an if statement. It is executed of all other conditions are false. DEFAULT.

13. 4.8 Logical Operators (true) && (false) evaluates to false
“and” represented by &&
(true) && (true) evaluates to true
(true) && (false) evaluates to false
(false) && (true) evaluates to false
(false) && (false) evaluates to false
if ((Temp < 5) && (Wind > 24))
cout << “Wear a coat today!”;

14. 4.8 Logical Operators (true) || (false) evaluates to true
“or” represented by ||
(true) || (true) evaluates to true
(true) || (false) evaluates to true
(false) || (true) evaluates to true
(false) || (false) evaluates to false
if ((Temp < 5) || (Wind > 24))
cout << “Wear a coat today!”;

15. 4.8 Logical Operators !(false) evaluates to true
“not” represented by !
!(true) evaluates to false
!(false) evaluates to true
if (!(Temp < 5))
cout << “DON’T wear a coat today!”;

16. 4.9: Looping – The do-while Statement
iteration
Repeat one or more statements during program execution.
Referred to as looping.
Form:
One or more C++ statements form the body of the loop do {
statement;
} while (condition);
A Boolean expression used to determine if the loop is to be repeated.

17. 4.9 Continued
The do-while loop is executed at least once because the condition is not evaluated until AFTER the first iteration of the loop.
If the condition is true, statement is executed again and then the condition reevaluated.
Looping process is repeated until the condition is evaluated and found to be false.

18. #include <iostream.>
int main() {
char Answer;
cout << “Circle Area Calculator” << endl;
do {
const double PI = ;
double Radius;
cout << “Enter the radius: “;
cin >> Radius;
cout << “Area is “ << (PI * Radius * Radius)<< endl;
// Ask if another calculation is desired
cout << “Do another circle (Y/N)?”;
cin >> Answer;
}while (Answer == ‘Y’);
cout << “Thanks for using the Circle Calculator” << endl;
Return (0); }

19. 4.11 Looping: The while Statement
Evaluates its condition BEFORE each iteration
May execute zero or more times.
Syntax (form) of a while loop body:
while (condition) {
statement; }

20. #include <iostream.h>
int main() {
int number;
cout << “Enter a positive number: “;
cin >> number;
while (number < 0) {
cout << “Number must be positive\n”;
cout << “Please re-enter: “; }

21. 4.16 Looping: The for Statement
Used to execute a loop body a fixed number of times.
Form:
for (initialization, condition, increment)
statement;
Evaluated before each iteration
Performed after each iteration - counter
Performed only once

22. 4.16 Looping: The for Statement
Example:
The following loop display the numbers 1 through 10.
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
cout << I << endl;

23. 4.17 – and -= Decrement (decrease) Total--;
Special form of assignment operator indicates the value after the operator is to be subtracted from the value of the variable on the left of the operator.
Total = Total – Value;
Total -=;

24. PROGRAMS Review 21 and 22 Exercises Quiz on Friday (for statements)
16a, p. 4-33
18a, b, c, p. 4-33/34 21
Quiz on Friday (for statements)