1. Radio Quiet Zones (RQZ) - working with your national administration Tasso Tzioumis Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF) Tasso.Tzioumis@.csiro.au COSPAR2008 – Montreal 14 July 2008

2. Why? -- Need for RQZ? RA systems extremely sensitive  very susceptible to RFI RA allocated very little spectrum (~2% at cm ) Still RFI from out-of-band (OoB) emissions RA operates over full radio spectrum  RFI from radiocommunication services “prevention better than cure”  RQZ is 1 st step of mitigation

3. What? -- Radio Quiet? Radio Quiet  Radio Silent “Passive” bands (e.g. 1400-1427 MHz) “all emissions are prohibited” (Fn. 5.340) but OoB emissions still a problem RQZ  prevent “harmful” (detrimental) RFI RFI mitigation – minimise “harm”  may influence RQZ limits & area

4. RQZ selection - Population? Sydney: population 4 million Narrabri: population 4000 Mileura: population 4

5. Where are the Quiet areas?

6. RQZ History National RQZ Within an administration Sovereign rule – can depart from ITU Regulate terrestrial services Little or no impact on satellite services International RQZ Moon & L2 point

7. National RQZ characteristics 2 distinct areas of RQZ protection 1.EMC protection RFI from electrical/electronic equipment Protect to few kms (5-20) – 30 for heavy industry Local/State Governments 2.Coordination zone Coordinate with radio transmitters 100s of km Communications administration

8. Greenbank NRQZ The original RQZ - model 1956 – West Virginia Radio Astronomy Zoning Act Graded EMC restrictions to 10 miles 1958 – NTIA & FCC  National RQZ 34000 sq km area Coordination of all Tx with RA telescope Excellent protection in practice

9. Other National RQZs Arecibo PRCZ – Puerto Rico & islands Coordination Zone Jodrell Bank & other European telescopes Mainly EMC (local) & some National coordination GMRT EMC – 10 km (light)  30 km (heavy industry) National coordination up to 400 km (bands)

10. ALMA Quiet Zone -- Chile Central Quiet zone: 30 km radius, no transmitters in ALMA bands (variously 31 to 950 GHz) 120 km radius coordination zone –AUI/ESO may comment on xmit applications > 31 GHz, comply with 769 at site boundary < 31 GHz, 769 + limit on transmitter power –Eirp such that pfd at ALMA border <2x10 -6 W/m 2 Formal recognition is needed to avoid future changes in policy. Need to educate the general public and politicians about radio astronomy and the need for radio quiet zone.

11. “Radio sensitive zones” in Australia Radio Act review 2002 – “radio sensitive zones” Notification and coordination - no protection Regulatory RALI (2006) to cover all Oz RA sites Studies by ACMA (administration)

12. Notification zone limits Limits derived from RA.769 –+10 dB at Parkes for 30 deg Elevation limit –+15 dB at ATCA for array –VLBI levels at other stations

13. RA. 769 thresholds

14. Notification Zone Parameters Limits derived from RA.769 (+ ~10-15 dB) Propagation models from P.526 (Diffraction) and terrain models.

15. International RQZs Shielded Zone of the Moon RQZ ITU-R Rec RA.479 - Entire radio spectrum No levels defined – coordination But some RFI from spacecraft (e.g. Mars) Prohibitively expensive Sun-Earth Lagrangian Point L2 ITU-R Rec RA.1417 1.5 million km from Earth Excellent RQZ – WMAP (CMB) already there!

16. OECD Global Science Forum OECD “Task Force on Radio Astronomy and the Radio Spectrum” (Report 2004) RA and Satellite Operators Recommendations: 1.Technical consultations 2. “Controlled Emission Zones” 3.ITU-R efforts 4.Operational consultation Leverage for international RQZ?

17. ITU-R Question Question in WP7D to initiate studies Strong opposition from satellite operators Question delicately framed i.e. 1.Characteristics of existing RQZ? 2.RAS characteristics stimulating RQZ? 3.environment characteristics stimulating RQZ? Work still to be done.

18. Square Kilometre Array (SKA) ~ 1 km 2 collecting area in an interferometer array sensitivity ~50 x EVLA (current largest radio array) survey speed >10000 x faster than EVLA wide frequency range: 0.1 – 25 GHz configuration: longest baselines >3000 km; 50% collecting area<5km wide field of view: 50 sq. degree at <1 GHz (250 x moon) total cost 1 B€; operating costs 70 M€/year

19. Inner core Station SKA Reference Design Wide-angle radio camera + radio “fish-eye lens”

20. RQZ for SKA? SKA to operate 100 MHz – 25 GHz Wide unprotected frequency range Must have some RQZ protection National efforts towards SKA RQZ(s) All site proponents must define progress towards RQZ protection. Short list: Australia & South Africa Protection now for SKA demonstrators / pathfinders Preserve “quiteness” of sites e.g. Australia started with a “spectrum embargo” for 100- 150 km radius around Mileura site.

21. RQZ guidelines - SKA Regulatory “Task Force” Report covers Protection criteria and general discussion on methodology. Threshold levels: “Central site” - RA.769 levels (cont & line) Up to 150km - RA.769 Table 1 +15dB (array levels) Remote sites - RA.769 VLBI levels Radio propagation modelling (ITU Recs) Complex and many assumptions

22. South Africa Astronomy Reserve

23. South Africa Legislation: Astronomy Geographical Advantage Act Empowers the Minister for Science and Technology to declare protected areas around strategic astronomy sites by publication in the Government Gazette. The Act empowers the Minister to prohibit over-flights The Act covers both radio and optical astronomy Three tiers of protected areas: Core area – the physical area of the observatory / instrument Central area – surrounds the core area. Minister prohibits certain activities / categories of activities in this area Coordination area –Minister sets standards which activities must comply with Protected areas apply to existing and new activities

24. ASKA - Australia + NZ

25. SKA RQZ in Australia Studies & definition by ACMA & CSIRO RALI MS32 - in force since 24/9/2007

26. Oz RQZ procedures From RALI MS32

27. Oz RQZ – EMC - 1 EMC – RFI from unintentional transmitters Industrial & domestic machinery Oz - RFI from Mining activities Mining equipment Communications used by mines (e.g. VHF & UHF radio) Infrastructure for ore transport (Rail & trucks) Need limits and exclusion zones Limits as per RQZ  Mineral Resource Management Area ** Work with Regional authorities **

29. Oz RQZ – EMC - 2 Other RQZ RFI issues RFI from co-located science instruments (MWA) Self-generated RFI Buildings; Computers; Telescope electronics Must develop EMC Limits & Testing protocols Base on MIL standards for testing But very difficult to test to RA.769 levels Correlation spectrometers Radio telescope testing (e.g. at Parkes) Must manage and mitigate self-RFI

30. Summary & lessons learned RQZs important for RA – 1 st step in mitigation National “RQZ”s - coordination only Weak enforcement RQZ essential for SKA Exclusion and coordination zones Strong Enforcement EMC controls and testing also critical Lesson from Oz experience: ** Work closely with national communications administration ** ** Work closely with Regional bodies and Governments * ITU Question on RQZ – towards IRQZs? Inputs from SKA RQZ experience

31. Comment on the SKA RQZ in Australia in a speech by the chairman of the Australian Communications and Media Authority: