1. Wildlife management & ecological conservation

2. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation  Areas where high concentrations of endemic species are undergoing substantial loss of habitat. Should we focus conservation efforts in these areas at the expense of less diverse regions? Or should we focus efforts on currently endangered species? Myers et al 2000

3. Species-level regulatory approaches  CITES: 1975 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES)  United States Endangered Species Act (ESA)  Lacey Act  Migratory Bird Conservation Act & the Migratory Bird Treaty  Clean Water Act

4. Endangered Species Figure 11-19

5. Biodiversity conservation Strategies

6. The science behind conservation biology  Biodiversity indices  Richness  Simpson’s  Shannon  Taxonomic  The importance of biodiversity for resilience and stability of communities  Theory of island biogeography

7. Theory of Island Biogeography Cox and Moore 1993

8. Area and Distance Effects

9. Real data Species-area relationship for land birds of the West Indies.

10. Real data Distance (from mainland of New Guinea) effects for birds of the Bismarck Archipelago.

11. Applications Single Large Or Several Small? (SLOSS debate)

12. Fragmentation leads to a metapopulation* divided into smaller populations *Metapopulation= population of populations

13. Checkerspot butterfly example

14. Reserve design strategies

15. NATURE RESERVES  model biosphere reserve showing zoning Figure 10-25

16. NATURE RESERVES  Large and medium-sized reserves with buffer zones help protect biodiversity and can be connected by corridors.

17. National parks: a reserve system  The first National Park in the US was established in 1872: Yellowstone.  The National Park System was created by the Organic Act of 1916, signed by President Wilson.

18. Stresses on U.S. National Parks Figure 10-23

19. Marine and aquatic conservation

20. Laws and treaties  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (moratorium)  Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

21. National Marine Sanctuaries Act  The primary objective of the NMSA is to protect marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels or unique habitats.  Most marine sanctuaries in US waters do not actually protect marine life.  Case in point: Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary © NOAA

22. Zoning and Marine Reserves Zoning results in mixed uses of a marine protected area.

23. Clean Water Act  1972, 1977  Made the discharge of pollutants from a point source into navigable waters illegal.  This includes industrial and waste water discharges. Oil Pollution Act  1990  Requires oil and drilling companies to have emergency plans in place in the event of a huge spill  Sets aside funds for oil spill clean ups in case the responsible party cannot afford all of the costs.  1990  Requires oil and drilling companies to have emergency plans in place in the event of a huge spill  Sets aside funds for oil spill clean ups in case the responsible party cannot afford all of the costs.

25. ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION  Restoration: trying to return to a condition as similar as possible to original state.  Rehabilitation: attempting to turn a degraded ecosystem back to being functional.  Replacement: replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of ecosystem.  Creating artificial ecosystems: such as artificial wetlands for flood reduction and sewage treatment.

26. ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION  Five basic principles for ecological restoration:  Identify cause.  Stop abuse by eliminating or sharply reducing factors.  Reintroduce species if necessary.  Protect area form further degradation.  Use adaptive management to monitor efforts, assess successes, and modify strategies.

27. Fig. 10-27, p. 219 Adopt a forest. Plant trees and take care of them. Recycle paper and buy recycled paper products. Buy sustainable wood and wood products. Choose wood substitutes such as bamboo furniture and recycled plastic outdoor furniture, decking, and fencing. Restore a nearby degraded forest or grassland. Landscape your yard with a diversity of plants natural to the area. Live in town because suburban sprawl reduces biodiversity. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity What Can You Do?