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(1) Consider the following reactions and their associated equilibrium

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1 (1) Consider the following reactions and their associated equilibrium
constants:            For the reaction A + 2B    D + E, having equilibrium constant Kc,   A. Kc = K1 + K2 B. Kc = K1/K2 C. Kc = K1 - K2 D. Kc = (K1)(K2) E. Kc = K2/K1 (2) Consider the following equilibria:            Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction SO2(g) + NO3(g)    SO3(g) + NO2(g).   A B. 1.3  C. 1.6  10-4 D. 3.2  E. 6.1  103

2 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
A + 2B AB2 kf kr ratef = kf [A][B]2 rater = kr [AB2] Equilibrium ratef = rater kf [A][B]2 = kr [AB2] [AB2] [A][B]2 = Kc = 8.3 العلاقة بين الكيمياء الحركية والاتزان الكيميائي

3 8.4 ما هو مدلول ثابت الإتزان
What Does the Equilibrium constant tell us The reaction quotient (Qc) is calculated by substituting the initial concentrations of the reactants and products into the equilibrium constant (Kc) expression. IF Qc > Kc system proceeds from right to left to reach equilibrium Qc = Kc the system is at equilibrium Qc < Kc system proceeds from left to right to reach equilibrium

4 أما عندما تكون قيمة Q أكبر من قيمة ثابت الاتزان KC فنعرف أن التفاعل :
قيمة القسمة Quotient (يرمز لها بالرمز Q) هي حاصل ضرب تركيز النواتج على حاصل ضرب تركيز المتفاعلات في لحظة معينة ، ويتم حساب قيمها لأي تفاعل عكوس باستعمال نفس قانون الاتزان: aA + bB cC dD لا يشترط أن تكون تراكيز المتفاعلات والنواتج في لحظة مساوية لتراكيزها عند الاتزان عندما نقوم بإيجاد قيمة القسمة Q حيث عندما تكون قيمة Q = صفر هذا يدل على أن تركيز النواتج صفر ، أما عندما تكون قيمة Q أقل من قيمة ثابت الاتزان KC فهذا يدلنا على أن التفاعل : (1) لم يصل لحالة الاتزان (2) ويجب أن نتحكم في التفاعل لكي يتجه ناحية اليمين لتكوين نواتج. أما عندما تكون قيمة Q أكبر من قيمة ثابت الاتزان KC فنعرف أن التفاعل : (2) ويجب أن نتحكم في التفاعل لكي يتجه ناحية اليسار لتكوين كمية أكبر من المتفاعلات للوصول لحالة الاتزان. أما إذا وجدت قيمة Q = قيمة KC ، فنعرف أن تراكيز المتفاعلات والنواتج أصبحت مساوية للتراكيز عند حالة الاتزان الكيميائي للتفاعل العكوس. وأهمية معرفة قيمة القسمة Q تعطينا فكرة عن مسار التفاعل العكوس وكيفية التعامل مع التفاعل للوصول لحالة الاتزان

5 (2) ويجب أن نتحكم في التفاعل لكي يتجه ناحية اليمين لتكوين نواتج.
أما عندما تكون قيمةQ أقل من قيمة ثابت الاتزان Kc فهذا يدلنا على أن التفاعل: (1) لم يصل لحالة الاتزان (2) ويجب أن نتحكم في التفاعل لكي يتجه ناحية اليمين لتكوين نواتج. أما عندما تكون قيمة Q أكبر من قيمة ثابت الاتزان Kc فنعرف أن التفاعل : (2) ويجب أن نتحكم في التفاعل لكي يتجه ناحية اليسار لتكوين كمية أكبر من المتفاعلات للوصول لحالة الاتزان. أما إذا وجدت قيمة Q = قيمة Kc : فنعرف أن تراكيز المتفاعلات والنواتج أصبحت مساوية للتراكيز عند حالة الاتزان الكيميائي للتفاعل العكوس. Kc Q < K متفاعلات فقط Q > K تزداد قيم الـ Q جهة السهم يتجه التفاعل جهة اليمين لتكوين نواتج يتجه التفاعل جهة اليسار لتكوين المتفاعلات

6 يتجه التفاعل جهة النواتج عندما تكون قيمة Q أصغر من K

7 (1) At 700 K, the reaction 2SO2(g) + O2(g)    2SO3(g) has the equilibrium constant Kc = 4.3  106, and the following concentrations are present: [SO2] = 0.10 M; [SO3] = 10. M; [O2] = 0.10 M. Is the mixture at equilibrium? If not at equilibrium, in which direction (as the equation is written), left to right or right to left, will the reaction proceed to reach equilibrium?  A. Yes, the mixture is at equilibrium. B. No, left to right C. No, right to left D. There is not enough information to be able to predict the direction. (2) At 700 K, the reaction 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) has the equilibrium constant Kc = 4.3  106, and the following concentrations are present: [SO2] = M; [SO3] = 10.M; [O2] = M. Is the mixture at equilibrium? If not at equilibrium, in which direction (as the equation is written), left to right or right to left, will the reaction proceed to reach equilibrium?  A. Yes, the mixture is at equilibrium B. No, left to right C. No, right to left

8 (3) For the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g), Kc = 50. 2 at 445ºC
(3) For the reaction H2(g) + I2(g)    2HI(g), Kc = 50.2 at 445ºC. If [H2] = [I2] = [HI] = 1.75  10-3 M at 445ºC, which one of these statements is true?  A. The system is at equilibrium, thus no concentration changes will occur. B. The concentrations of HI and I2 will increase as the system approaches equilibrium. C. The concentration of HI will increase as the system approaches D. The concentrations of H2 and HI will fall as the system moves toward (4) For the reaction PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)    PCl5(g) at a particular temperature, Kc = Suppose a system at that temperature is prepared with [PCl3] = 0.10 M, [Cl2] = 0.15 M, and [PCl5] = 0.60 M. Which of these statements is true?  A. The reaction is at equilibrium. B. The reaction will proceed in the direction of forming more PCl5 until equilibrium is reached. C. The reaction will proceed in the direction of forming more PCl3 and Cl2 until equilibrium is reached. D. None of these statements is true.

9 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Express the equilibrium concentrations of all species in terms of the initial concentrations and a single unknown x, which represents the change in concentration. Write the equilibrium constant expression in terms of the equilibrium concentrations. Knowing the value of the equilibrium constant, solve for x. Having solved for x, calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all species.

10 ICE At 12800C the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction
Is 1.1 x If the initial concentrations are [Br2] = M and [Br] = M, calculate the concentrations of these species at equilibrium. Br2 (g) Br (g) Let x be the change in concentration of Br2 Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) 0.063 0.012 -x +2x x x [Br]2 [Br2] Kc = ( x)2 = 1.1 x 10-3 ICE Solve for x

11 Kc = ( x)2 x = 1.1 x 10-3 4x x = – x 4x x = 0 ax2 + bx + c =0 -b ± b2 – 4ac 2a x = Br2 (g) Br (g) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) 0.063 0.012 -x +2x x x = x = At equilibrium, [Br] = x = M or M At equilibrium, [Br2] = – x = M

12 the vessel is sealed, and the temperature is raised to 500K. At this
(1) For the reaction 2NOCl(g)   2NO(g) + Cl2(g), Kc = 8.0 at a certain temperature. What concentration of NOCl must be put into an empty 4.00 L reaction vessel in order that the equilibrium concentration of NOCl be 1.00M?  A M B M C M D M (2) A quantity of liquid methanol, CH3OH, is introduced into a rigid 3.00-L vessel, the vessel is sealed, and the temperature is raised to 500K. At this temperature, the methanol vaporizes and decomposes according to the reaction: CH3OH(g) CO(g) + 2 H2(g), Kc= 6.90 10-2. If the concentration of H2 in the equilibrium mixture is M, what mass of methanol was initially introduced into the vessel?   147 g B g C g D g E g (3) When the reaction 2H2S(g)   2H2(g) + S2(g) is carried out at 1065C, Kp = Starting with pure H2S at 1065C, what must the initial pressure of H2S be if the equilibrated mixture at this temperature is to contain atm of H2(g)?  A atm B atm C atm D atm E atm

13 (4) If the reaction 2H2S(g)    2H2(g) + S2(g) is carried out at 1065C,
Kp = Starting from pure H2S introduced into an evacuated vessel at 1065C, what will the total pressure in the vessel be at equilibrium if the equilibrated mixture contains atm of H2(g)?  A atm B atm C.2.39 atm D atm E atm (5) Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), can be prepared by heating sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3(s).          2NaHCO3(s)    Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) Kp = 0.23 at 100ºC If a sample of NaHCO3 is placed in an evacuated flask and allowed to achieve equilibrium at 100ºC, what will the total gas pressure be?   A atm B atm C atm D atm E atm (6) Hydrogen iodide decomposes according to the equation: 2HI(g)    H2(g) + I2(g), for which Kc = at 400ºC mol HI was injected into a 2.00 L reaction vessel at 400ºC. Calculate the concentration of H2 at equilibrium.  A M B M C M D M E M

14 (7) 75. 0 g of PCl5(g) is introduced into an evacuated 3
(7) 75.0 g of PCl5(g) is introduced into an evacuated 3.00 L vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium at 250ºC. PCl5(g)    PCl3(g) + Cl2(g). If Kp = 1.80 for this reaction, what is the total pressure inside the vessel at equilibrium?   A atm B atm C atm D atm E atm حل تمرين (7) كالتالي: Volume 3L T= = 523 K Kp = 1.80 M.wt g/mol g/mol g/mol Wt.(gm) gm ? gm ? gm at equil.   PCl5(g)   PCl3(g) Cl2(g) Initial [0.12] Zero Zero At equil [0.12– x] [x] [x] ___________________________________________________ Kp=1.80 = Kc (RT)Dn=2-1= Kc = Kp / RT = 1.8/0.0821x 523 = Kc = [x][x] / [0.12-x] = x = 0.053 Kc = [0.053] [0.053] / [0.12–0.053] = ___________________________________________ At equil PCl5(g)    PCl3(g) Cl2(g) At equil [0.12–0.053] [0.053] [0.053] Molarity [0.067] M [0.053] M [0.053] M Mole [0.067]x3= 0.201mol [0.053]x3= 0.159mol [0.053]x3= 0.159 Grams gm gm gm = 75 gm لتأكيد الحل PPCl5 x 3L = x x PPCl5 = 2.88 PPCl3 x 3L = x x PPCl3 = 2.28 PCl2 x 3L = x x PCl2 = 2.28 PTotal = PPCl5 + PPCl3 + PCl2 = = 7.44 atm

15 Le Châtelier’s Principle
If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially offset as the system reaches a new equilibrium position. Le Châtelier’s Principle Changes in Concentration N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) NH3 (g) Add NH3 Equilibrium shifts left to offset stress 8.5 العوامل المؤثرة على الإتزان الكيميائي Factors that Affect chemical Equilibrium

16 Le Châtelier’s Principle
(1) Changes in Concentration continued التغيير في التركيز باستمرار aA + bB cC + dD Add Remove Change التغيير الحادث في الاتزان Shifts the Equilibrium إزاحة الاتزان جهة a) Increase concentration of product(s) right b) Decrease concentration of product(s) left c) Increase concentration of reactant(s) left d) Decrease concentration of reactant(s) right

17 Le Châtelier’s Principle
(2) Changes in Volume (3) Changes in Pressure A (g) + B (g) C (g) Change Shifts the Equilibrium Increase pressure Side with fewest moles of gas Decrease pressure Side with most moles of gas Increase volume Side with most moles of gas Decrease volume Side with fewest moles of gas

18 تدريب : (1) زيادة ضغط التفاعل المتزن التالي : 2P(s) H29g) PH3(g) تؤدي إلي : أ ـ زيادة تركيز PH3 ب _ لا تؤثر على تركيز النواتج ج ـ زيادة قيمة Kc د ـ زيادة تركيز المتفاعلات (2) وجود قوى التجاذب بين جزيئات الغاز تؤدى إلى: أ ـ نقص الضغط ب - زيادة الضغط ج ـ زيادة الحجم د ـ زيادة السرعة الجزيئية (3) زيادة الضغط على التفاعل : 3H2(g) + N2(g) NH3(g) عند الاتزان يؤدي إلى تقليل الحجم مما يترتب عليه: أ ـ نقص في كميات النواتج ب - نقص قيمة Kc العددية ج ـ زيادة كمية النواتج د ـ زيادة قيمة Kc العددية للتأكد توجد الإجابة في كتاب مسائل وحلول بالباب الثالث الفصل 6.

19 Le Châtelier’s Principle
(4) Changes in Temperature Change Exothermic Rx Increase temperature K decreases Decrease temperature K increases Endothermic Rx colder hotter

20 (1) تأثير التركيز على الاتزان: إزاحة الاتزان جهة النواتج ( قيمة K تزداد) عندما يتم
سحب كمية من المتفاعلات والعكس صحيح. (2) تأثير الضغط على الاتزان: إزاحة الاتزان جهة عدد المولات الأقل عند زيادة ضغط إناء التفاعل المغلق والعكس صحيح. (3) تأثير الحجــم على الاتزان: إزاحة الاتزان جهة عدد المولات الأكبر عند زيادة حجم (4) تأثير الحرارة على الاتزان: إزاحة الاتزان جهة المتفاعلات (أي قيمة K تزداد) في حالة زيادة درجة حرارة نظام التفاعل الطارد للحرارة DH0 = - Ve kJ/molوالعكس صحيح بالنسبة للتفاعل الماص للحرارة DH0 = + Ve kJ/mol عند زيادة الحرارة. (5) تأثير الحفز على الأتزان : لا يوجد أي تأثير على الاتزان من إضافة حافز ولكن معدل سرعة الوصول لحالة الاتزان تداد في وجود حافز.

21 Le Châtelier’s Principle
uncatalyzed catalyzed Catalyst lowers Ea for both forward and reverse reactions. Catalyst does not change equilibrium constant or shift equilibrium. Adding a Catalyst does not change K does not shift the position of an equilibrium system system will reach equilibrium sooner Le Châtelier’s Principle

22 Chemistry In Action: The Haber Process
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) NH3 (g) DH0 = kJ/mol

23 Le Châtelier’s Principle
Change Shift Equilibrium Change Equilibrium Constant Concentration yes no Pressure Volume Temperature Catalyst

24 تدريب : تتوقف قيمة ثابت الاتزان على :
أ ـ الضغط داخل الوعاء وحجم الوعاء ب _ ثبات درجة حرارة الوعاء ج ـ التركيز الابتدائي للمواد المتفاعلة والناتجة من التفاعل د ـ جميع الإجابات صحيحة للتأكد توجد الإجابة في كتاب مسائل وحلول بالباب الثالث الفصل 6 . (1) For the common allotropes of carbon (graphite and diamond), C(gr)    C(dia) with equilibrium constant K = The molar volumes of graphite and diamond are, respectively, 5.30 cm3/mol and 3.42 cm3/mol; Hf of diamond is 1.90 kJ/mol. These data suggest that the formation of diamond is favored at  A. low temperatures and low pressures. B. high temperatures and low pressures. C. low temperatures and high pressures. D. high temperatures and high pressures. (2) Which of these situations will result if some CH4(g) is removed from the reaction CO(g) + 3H2(g)    CH4(g) + H2O(g) at equilibrium?  A. H2O will be consumed. B. More CH4 and H2O will be produced. C. Kp will decrease D. More CO will be produced E.No change will occur.

25 (3) In which of these gas-phase equilibria is the yield of products increased
by increasing the total pressure on the reaction mixture?  A. CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) B. 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) NOCl(g) C. 2SO3(g) SO2(g) + O2(g) D. PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) (4) The reaction 2NO(g)    N2(g) + O2(g) is exothermic, Hº rxn = -180 kJ/mol. Which one of these statements is true?   A. Kp at 1,000 K is less than Kp at 2,000 K. B. Kp at 1,000 K is larger than Kp at 2,000 K. C. The Kp's at 1000 K and 2000 K are the same. D. Kp depends on total pressure as well as temperature. (5) When the substances in the equation below are at equilibrium, at P an T, the equilibrium can be shifted to favor the products by          CuO(s) + H2(g)   H2O(g) + Cu(s) Hº rxn = -2.0 kJ/mol   A. increasing the pressure by means of a moving piston at constant T. B. increasing the pressure by adding an inert gas such as nitrogen. C. decreasing the temperature. D. allowing some gases to escape at constant P and T. E. adding a catalyst.

26 (5) The equilibrium constants (expressed in atm) for the chemical reaction N2(g) + O2(g)   2NO(g) are Kp = 1.1  10-3 and 3.6  10-3 at 2,200 K and 2,500 K, respectively. Which one of these statements is true?  A. The reaction is exothermic, Hº < 0. B. The partial pressure of NO(g) is less at 2,200 K than at 2,500 K. C. Kp is less than Kc by a factor of (RT). D. The total pressure at 2,200 K is the same as at 2,500 K. E. Higher total pressure shifts the equilibrium to the left. (6) Consider this reaction at equilibrium:         2SO2(g) + O2(g)   2SO3(g), Hº rxn = -198 kJ/mol If the volume of the system is compressed at constant temperature, what change will occur in the position of the equilibrium?   A. a shift to produce more SO2 B. a shift to produce more O2 C. no change D. a shift to produce more SO3 (7) The reaction 2SO3(g)    2SO2(g) + O2(g) is endothermic. If the temperature is increased,  A. more SO3 will be produced. B. Kc will decrease. C. Kc will increase. D. no change will occur in Kc . E. the pressure will decrease.


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