1. The Expansion of American Industry Chapter 13

3. How will the ipod change the world?

4. “What has God wrought? ” First telegraph message, May 24, 1844 By Annie Ellsworth

5. America Industrializes  Three factors Abundant natural resources  Coal, oil, gas, agricultural land Inventions  Steel, electricity, telephone, sewing machine Urban population  Consumers of new goods  Source of workers Industry Markets Technology Power Resources Transportation

6. Changes in Daily Life  Life in the 1860s No indoor electric lights No refrigeration Slow communication  Life in the 1900s 500,000 patents Power stations began providing electricity 1900 1.5 million telephones 63 million telegraph messages

7. Inventions Influence Work  Electricity Hours Location Continued specialization  Typewriters  Telephone  Steel Industry It is all about efficiency and increasing productivity while reducing costs

8. Railroads  Railroads Unify the Nation National network – transcontinental railroad – May 10, 1869 Interdependence Speed of travel Railroad time – time zones  Railroads and Farmers Price fixing

9. Railroads  Railroads Unify the Nation National network Interdependence Speed of travel Railroad time  Railroads and Farmers Price fixing

10. Railroads Regulation  Interstate Commerce Act-1887 States could regulate intrastate railroad rates Interstate Commerce Act authorizes the federal gov. to regulate interstate trade Ruled unconstitutional  Regulation Fails Resistance from RR Long legal battles Supreme Court

11. Bessemer Process  1856 – Patent to Henry Bessemer Faster less expensive method for making steel Mass production of great amounts of steel Weight, strength, durability Building height Railroads Plows

13. D. H. Burnham: Marshall Fields Dept. Store, 1902

14. Western Union Bldg,. NYC - 1875 DH Burnham: Railway Exchange, Chicago, 1904

15. Grand Central Station, 1913

16. Flatiron Building NYC – 1902 D. H. Burnham

17. Big Business  Robber Barons or Captains of Industry  Large amounts of capital  Methods Monopoly Oligopoly Cartels Economies of scale Vertical and horizontal consolidation “Principles of Scientific Management”

18. Sherman Antitrust Act  Target monopolies  Outlawed efforts to interfere with interstate or international trade  Mostly ineffective Unclear - makes it difficult to enforce Lacked Supreme Court support  Used against unions

19. Social Darwinism  Biological evolution – Darwinism  Social Darwinism Free competition –laissez faire Survival of the fittest companies

20. Horatio Alger  Series of books/stories  Rise from poverty to success  Supported the cult of the individual and work ethic

21. Unions  Workers Form Strength in numbers Improve pay and working conditions  Limited Success Government support of management Violence Scabs Internal dissent Lack of popular support Concerns about socialism