1. Structured Query Language SQL-I
IST210
Structured Query Language SQL-I
IST 210 Organization of Data

2. Content in today’s class
IST210
Content in today’s class
Create table
Insert data
Delete table

3. Structured Query Language
IST210
Structured Query Language
Structured Query Language
Acronym: SQL
Pronounced as “S-Q-L” [“Ess-Que-El”]
Originally developed by IBM as the SEQUEL language in the 1970s
SQL-92 is an ANSI national standard adopted in 1992
SQL:2008 is current standard

4. IST210
SQL Defined
SQL is not a programming language, but rather a data sub-language
SQL is comprised of
A data definition language (DDL)
Used to define database structures
A data manipulation language (DML)
Data definition and updating
Data retrieval (Queries)
There are other SQL functions not covered in this chapter
Concurrency control [See Chapter 6]
Transaction control [See Chapter 6]

5. SQL for Data Definition
IST210
SQL for Data Definition
The SQL data definition statements include
CREATE
To create database objects
ALTER
To modify the structure and/or characteristics of database objects
DROP
To delete database objects

6. IST210
Running Example
DEPARTMENT(DepartmentName, BudgetCode, OfficeNumber, Phone)
EMPLOYEE(EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Phone, )
PROJECT(ProjectID, ProjectName, Department, MaxHours, StartDate, EndDate)
ASSIGNMENT(ProjectID, EmployeeNumber, HoursWorked)

7. IST210
Running Example

8. Running Example (cont.)
IST210
Running Example (cont.)

9. Create DEPARTMENT NOT NULL: null values are NOT allowed
IST210
Create DEPARTMENT
NOT NULL: null values are NOT allowed
If this attribute must have value, use NOT NULL
By default, we allow NULL values unless the variable is a primary key
Primary key: DepartmentName is a primary key
Char(35) a string with length up to 35

10. IST210
Data Types

11. Connect to your SQL Server
IST210
Connect to your SQL Server
Log on an IST Windows machine
If not in the lab, use remote desktop
Or in your browser:
Run the SQL Server application
Start  Application Development and Management Microsoft SQL Server 2014 SQL Server 2014 Management Studio
Parameters
Server Type: Database Engine
Server Name: upsql
Authentication: Windows Authentication
Alternate Authentication (connect to the same database):
SQL Server Authentication
Get your SQL account:
Hit “Connect”
Navigate to your own database under the Databases folder (IMPORTANT!!!)
Your database name is your PSU ID

12. Create a Table in SQL Server
IST210
Create a Table in SQL Server
Click “New Query” on the upper-left corner
Copy & Paste script in the next slide
Click “Execute”
Your PSU ID

13. CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT( DepartmentName Char(35) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
IST210
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT(
DepartmentName Char(35) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
BudgetCode Char(30) NOT NULL,
OfficeNumber Char(15) NOT NULL,
Phone Char(12) NOT NULL );

14. View the Result Right click Tables Click “Refresh”
IST210
View the Result
Right click Tables
Click “Refresh”
Right click table DEPARTMENT
Click “Design”

15. IST210
Create EMPLOYEE Table
IDENTITY(x,y): Surrogate key. Start from x, increment by y
Default value for Department
Allow NULL values
Can be omitted
UNIQUE: requires unique value for
Varchar(100) and Char(100) both defines a string with length up to 35
Varchar(35) the storage is the actual length
Char(35) the storage is fixed 35
Define Foreign Key

16. Referential Integrity
IST210
Referential Integrity
Two operations in the main table:
UPDATE
DELETE
Two corresponding operations in the foreign key table:
CASCADE
Affect the primary key as well as the foreign keys
NO ACTION (by default)
Cannot be changed/deleted unless a record is NOT referred by any other table at all

17. ON UPDATE CASCADE/NO ACTION
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ON UPDATE CASCADE/NO ACTION
Original data
Update “Human Resources” to “HR”
CASCADE
NO ACTION
Error message! The operation is NOT allowed!
(But it is fine to change the name of Accounting, because no Employee belongs to department Accounting.)

18. ON DELETE CASCADE/NO ACTION
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ON DELETE CASCADE/NO ACTION
Original data
Delete “Human Resources”
CASCADE
NO ACTION
Error message! The operation is NOT allowed!
(But it is fine to delete Accounting, because no Employee belongs to department Accounting.)
Julie is deleted!!!

19. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
EmployeeNumber Int NOT NULL IDENTITY (1, 1) PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName Char(25) NOT NULL,
LastName Char(25) NOT NULL,
Department Char(35) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Human Resources',
Phone Char(12) NULL,
VarChar(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
CONSTRAINT EMP_DEPART_FK FOREIGN KEY(Department)
REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DepartmentName)
ON UPDATE CASCADE );
IST210
Copy and paste the SQL script
Select only the new script you just pasted and click Execute

20. In-class exercise: Create PROJECT Table
IST210
In-class exercise: Create PROJECT Table
Requirements:
ProjectID is a surrogate key, starting from 1000, increment 100
Use Numeric(8,2) for MaxHours, which means 8 decimal digits, and 2 decimal digits to the right of the decimal point. E.g.:
Set MaxHours as 100 by default
Use DateTime for StartDate and EndDate
Make Update Cascade and Delete No Action

21. Create Assignment Table
IST210
Create Assignment Table
A composite primary key

22. CREATE TABLE ASSIGNMENT ( ProjectID Int NOT NULL,
IST210
CREATE TABLE ASSIGNMENT (
ProjectID Int NOT NULL,
EmployeeNumber Int NOT NULL,
HoursWorked Numeric(6,2) NULL,
CONSTRAINT ASSIGNMENT_PK PRIMARY KEY (ProjectID, EmployeeNumber),
CONSTRAINT ASSIGN_PROJ_FK FOREIGN KEY (ProjectID)
REFERENCES PROJECT (ProjectID)
ON UPDATE NO ACTION
ON DELETE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT ASSIGN_EMP_FK FOREIGN KEY (EmployeeNumber)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber)
ON DELETE NO ACTION );

23. Order to Create Tables ASSIGNMENT is dependent on PROJECT and EMPLOYEE
IST210
Order to Create Tables
ASSIGNMENT is dependent on PROJECT and EMPLOYEE
PROJECT is dependent on DEPARTMENT
EMPLOYEE is dependent on DEPARTMENT
So we need to create DEPARTMENT first; then EMPLOYEE and PROJECT;
Lastly, ASSIGNMENT

24. Insert Data to Department Table
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Insert Data to Department Table
One to one mapping
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Administration', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-300', ' ');

25. Insert Data to Department Table
IST210
Insert Data to Department Table
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Legal', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-200', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Accounting', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-100', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Finance', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-140', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Human Resources', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-180', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Production', 'BC ', 'BLDG02-100', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Marketing', 'BC ', 'BLDG02-200', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('InfoSystems', 'BC ', 'BLDG02-270', ' ');

26. View the Result (Software)
IST210
View the Result (Software)

27. Insert Data to Employee Table
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Insert Data to Employee Table
EmployeeNumber is a surrogate key, no need to insert EmployeeNumber
Department is a foreign key, so we need to make sure it does exist in the DEPARTMENT table
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(
'Mary', 'Jacobs', 'Administration', ' ',

28. Insert Data to Employee Table
IST210
Insert Data to Employee Table
What if no phone number information for this employee?
(When we define EMPLOYEE table, we allow phone number to be NULL)
We need to specify the table and corresponding columns
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FirstName, LastName, Department, )
VALUES('James', 'Nestor', 'InfoSystems', OR
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES('James', 'Nestor', 'InfoSystems', NULL,

29. Insert Data to Employee Table
IST210
Insert Data to Employee Table
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(
'Rosalie', 'Jackson', 'Administration', ' ',
'Richard', 'Bandalone', 'Legal', ' ',
'Tom', 'Caruthers', 'Accounting', ' ',
'Heather', 'Jones', 'Accounting', ' ',
'Mary', 'Abernathy', 'Finance', ' ',
'George', 'Smith', 'Human Resources', ' ',
'Tom', 'Jackson', 'Production', ' ',
'George', 'Jones', 'Production', ' ',
'Ken', 'Numoto', 'Marketing', ' ',
'Rick', 'Brown', 'InfoSystems', ' ',

30. In-Class Exercise: Insert Data to Project Table
IST210
In-Class Exercise: Insert Data to Project Table

31. IST210
Edit Data (Software)
See the effects of DELETE/UPDATE CASCADE/NO ACTION

32. Delete Data (Software)
IST210
Delete Data (Software)
See the effects of DELETE/UPDATE CASCADE/NO ACTION

33. Delete Table (Software)
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Delete Table (Software)
Caution! All data in that table will be deleted!

34. Drop Tables Wrong order!!! Employee is dependent on Department
IST210
Drop Tables
Wrong order!!!
Employee is dependent on Department
Must delete Employee before deleting Department
Correct order!
The reverse order of the order we create these tables

35. Assignment 3-1 Assignment 3 is divided into two parts
IST210
Assignment 3-1
Assignment 3 is divided into two parts
Part 1 (40 points) is on course website now, and is due in a week (no late submission!)
How to access SQL?
Come and work in the classroom
Use remote desktop (if working outside of IST)
Requires SQL programming, so start early!