1. Organ of vision

2. The Five Senses  Touch  Hearing  SIGHT  Taste  Smell

3. “Special” senses  Special senses monitor vision, hearing, olfaction, gustation, and equilibrium through specialized sense organs  These sense organs are highly specialized

4. External Anatomy  Sensory Organ for vision -Situated in bony, orbital cavity for protection –Eyelids= shades that add protection form injury, strong light, dust –Eyelashes= hairs to filter dust & dirt

5. External Anatomy

6. Sight  The eye is the organ that captures light.

7. Sight

8. Color Blindness

9. All sensory receptors send info to the CNS via an action potential…  At the CNS, info is routed according to the stimulus and its location  The stronger the stimulus, the higher the frequency of action potentials  Some receptors adapt, that is their sensitivity to a stimulus is reduced if the stimulus is continually applied (smell) –The RAS can heighten or reduce awareness of sensory information

10. A complex sensory organ: the eye.  is surrounded by accessory structures that act to protect, lubricate, and support it  is a light, compact, durable, and highly specialized hollow organ that weighs about 8 oz and measures 1 inch in diameter.  is divided into anterior (aqueous) & posterior (vitreous) cavities.  its walls are made of 3 “tunics”

11. Accessory structures of the eye…  eyelids (palpebrae)  eyelashes & brows  exocrine glands  lacrimal apparatus  Conjunctiva  6 extrinsic occulomotor muscles: – the inferior, superior, lateral and medial rectus muscles –the superior and inferior oblique muscles

12.  Within the upper eyelid –Tarsal plates, connective tissue gives upper lid shape –Meibomian glands, in the plates, lubricate the lids, stops overflow of tears, airtight seal when lids closed

13.  Cornea – clear, covers & protects iris & pupil

15.  Lacrimal apparatus – irrigates conjunctiva & cornea –3 parts A.Lacrimal gland, upper, outer corner of eye = tears B.Puncta= inner canthus, tear drainage C.Nasolacrimal duct= allows tears to drain from puncta to nasolacrimal sac. Tears then empty into the inferior meatus of the nose

17. Extraoccular muscles  6 muscles –Attach eyeball to orbit –Straight and rotary movement –Four straight muscles 1.Superior rectus 2.Inferior rectus 3.Lateral rectus 4.Medial rectus

18.  Two slanting/ oblique muscles 5.Superior 6.Inferior Humans have a Binocular, single – image visual system – Eyes normally move as a pair

21. Eye movement stimulated by Cranial NervesEye movement stimulated by Cranial Nerves III OculomotorIII Oculomotor IV TrochlearIV Trochlear VI AbducensVI Abducens

22. Eye anatomy…..  http://www.macula.org/ anatomy/eyeframe.htm l http://www.macula.org/ anatomy/eyeframe.htm l http://www.macula.org/ anatomy/eyeframe.htm l  The hollow eye is divided into 2 cavities:  An anterior cavity which contains aqueous humor  A posterior cavity which holds vitreous humor  Humors act to stabilize eye shape and provide nutrients

23. The Tunics of the eye…  Fibrous - the sclera & anterior cornea  Vascular – contains blood vessels, lymphatics, choroid & intrinsic muscles of the iris &ciliary bodies (they support the lens)  Neural – the retina, it contains the rods and cones (photoreceptor cells), bipolar &ganglion cells

24.  Exposed part of the eye –Conjunctiva, folded envelope b/t eyelids & eyeball  thin mucous membrane, transparent protective covering of the exposed part of the eye.  Palpebral conjunctiva lines the lids, is clear but has sm.bld. Vessels  Bulbar conjunctiva is over eyeball, white sclera show through, merges at limbus with cornea

25. Retinal organization …  The retina is made of several cell layers: –Photoreceptor cells – rods lie along the periphery & cones lie at the back of the retina –Bipolar cells synapse with the rods and cones –Ganglion cells synapse with the bipolar cells –The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve –http://www.macula.org/anatomy/retinaframe.html http://www.macula.org/anatomy/anatomy.html http://www.macula.org/anatomy/retinaframe.html http://www.macula.org/anatomy/anatomy.htmlhttp://www.macula.org/anatomy/retinaframe.html http://www.macula.org/anatomy/anatomy.html

26.  Macula lutea – area on the retina where the visual image forms, it contains only cones with the greatest numbers at the fovea centralis  Optic Disc or “blind spot” is the area where the ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve

28. Other structures of the eye:  Lens – held in place by suspensory ligaments, it functions to focus the visual image onto the retina  Cornea – clear portion of the fibrous tunic it is contiguous with the sclera  Iris – part of the vascular tunic, it contains blood vessels, pigment, and 2 smooth muscle layers to control the width of the pupil.  Ciliary body – a thick region of the choroid that encircles the lens and supports the suspensory ligments of the lens

29. Accommodation- focusing an image on the retina by changing lens shape  light bends/refracts as it passes from 1 medium to another. In the eye it goes through the cornea, a. humor, lens, & v. humor. The refraction of light is constant through all but the lens  The lens changes shape to keep the image focused on the retina for greatest visual acquity  Accommodation occurs with response to light and to the distance of the object being viewed  http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/eye.s wf http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/eye.s wf http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/eye.s wf

30. The Physiology of Vision… How is it that we see?  Photoreceptors respond to visible light:  Rods – sensitive to photons (energy) but not their wavelength (color) allow for vision at night/dim light  The 3 types of Cones (green, red, blue) need bright light & are responsive to wavelength: they allow us to “see” color  Lack of functional cones = colorblindness

31. The visual pathway….  Photoreceptor stimulation  Bipolar cell activation  Stimulation of ganglion cell’s whose axons form the…  Optic nerve that cross at the diencephalon and goes to the thalamus that routes info to the visual cortex of occipital lobe and the reflex centers of brain stem  At the optic chiasm, a partial crossover of nerve fibers occurs  http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisampl es/neurobiology/visualpathways.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisampl es/neurobiology/visualpathways.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisampl es/neurobiology/visualpathways.html