1. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition by Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale Lecture notes created by Paul J. Wellman, Texas A&M University PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 14 Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Ch 14

2. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Gender Identity Gender Identity refers to our sense of ourselves as either male or female Sexual orientation refers to the preference we have for the sex of a partner Gender identity and sexual orientation need not match up –A man may be attracted to other men but hold the view that he is a male Ch 14.1

3. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Gender Identity Disorder (GID) occurs when a person feels that they are really of the opposite sexand has an aversion to same-sex clothing and activities –GID can be observed in children Occurs more often in boys than girls and more often in men than women The prevalence of GID is slight –One in 30,000 for men –One in 100,000 for women Gender Identity Disorder Ch 14.2

4. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Therapies for Gender Identity Disorder Body alteration programs –Require 6-12 months psychotherapy to treat anxiety and depression –Cosmetic surgery can be used to alter appearance (e.g. remove facial hair) –Hormonal treatment to induce breast formation –Sex-reassignment surgery involves surgical alteration of the genitals Psychological alteration of gender identity Ch 14.3

5. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e The Paraphilias The paraphilias involve sexual attraction to unusual objects or unusual sexual activities –The fantasies, urges or behaviors must Endure for at least 6 months Cause significant distress or impairment (this criterion is arguable) Prevalence statistics for the paraphilias are unknown, since many of these are illegal activities Ch 14.4

6. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e The Paraphilias Fetishism involves a reliance on an inanimate object for sexual arousal Transvestic fetishism involves a man who is sexually aroused from wearing women’s clothing (but still views himself as a man) Pedophiles are adults who derive sexual gratification from physical/sexual contact with children –A pedophile can be hetero- or homo-sexual Ch 14.5

7. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Incest refers to sexual relations between members of a family –Most commonly a brother and sister Voyeurism involves a strong preference for obtaining sexual gratification by watching others in a state of undress or having sexual relations –Element of risk is key for arousal in voyeurs The Paraphilias Ch 14.6

8. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Exhibitionism is a recurrent marked preference for obtaining sexual gratification by exposing one’s genitals to an unwilling stranger Frotteurism involves the sexually-oriented touching of an unsuspecting person Sexual sadism refers to a preference for obtaining sexual gratification by inflicting pain on others The Paraphilias Ch 14.7

9. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Sexual masochism refers to a preference for obtaining sexual gratification by subjecting oneself to pain or humiliation Sadists are outnumbered by masochists –Their interactions are heavily scripted and their roles (dominant and submissive) can be switched The Paraphilias Ch 14.8

10. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e The psychodynamic view argues that the paraphilias are defensive processes –Paraphilias protect against repressed fears –A person with a paraphilia is fearful of heterosexual relationships Behaviorists argue that the paraphilia represent classical conditioning of sexual arousal that has gone awry Biological: Role of testosterone is unknown Etiology of the Paraphilias Ch 14.9

11. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Prevalence of the paraphilias are unknown, since most of these activities are illegal Treatment motivation is undermined by –Denial of the problem –Minimization of the seriousness of the disorder Psychoanalytic therapy has not proven effective for the paraphilias Aversion therapy and satiation are effective for several of the paraphilias Therapy for the Paraphilias Ch 14.10

12. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Orgasmic reorientation represents an attempt to alter the stimuli that produce sexual arousal Cognitive procedures involve –Countering the distorted thinking of the paraphilias –Training in empathy Biological therapy involves reducing testosterone levels (drugs, castration) Therapy for the Paraphilias Ch 14.11

13. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Rape Forced rape refers to sexual intercourse with an unwilling partner whereas statuatory rape is sexual intercourse between a male and an underage female Rape induces –Physical and mental trauma –Depression and loss of self-esteem –PTSD, unless an intervention is made to relieve anxiety/depression Ch 14.12

14. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual dysfunctions represent disturbances of the normal sexual response cycle The response cycle comprises 4 phases: –Appetitive involves sexual interest or desire –Excitement is a subjective pleasurable state linked to increased blood flow to the genitals –Orgasm is a peak of sexual pleasure accompanied by ejaculation and/or muscle contraction –Resolution is the restoration after orgasm Ch 14.13

15. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Sexual Desire Disorders Hypoactive sexual desire disorder refers to deficient or absent sexual fantasies or urges Sexual aversion disorder involves avoidance of all genital contact with others –Prevalence may be greater than 20% Causes of low sex drive include –Religious orthodoxy –Fear of loss of control –Depression –Medication side effects (tranquilizers) Ch 14.14

16. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Persons with sexual arousal disorders experience sexual desire, but are unable to maintain arousal during intercourse –Female sexual arousal disorder involves inadequate vaginal lubrication –Male erectile disorder involves failure to maintain an erection during intercourse Can be induced by disease, drugs or depression Sexual Arousal Disorders Ch 14.15

17. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Female orgasmic disorder refers to the absence of orgasm after a period of normal sexual excitement –Female orgasmic disorder may reflect Difficulty in learning to become orgasmic Chronic use of alcohol Fear of losing control Male orgasmic disorder refers to difficulty in ejaculation Premature ejaculation is early ejaculation Orgasmic Disorders Ch 14.16

18. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Sexual Pain Disorders Dyspareunia refers to persistent or recurrent pain during sexual intercourse –Associated with depression, anxiety and marital difficulties Vaginismus refers to an inability to achieve intercourse due to involuntary spasms of the outer third of the vagina –Associated with fear of pregnancy, relationship problems and negative attitudes toward sex Ch 14.17

19. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Historical Causes of Sexual Dysfunction Religious orthodoxy involves negative views of sexuality (procreation only, not for pleasure) Psychosexual trauma Homosexual inclination: sexual desire is impaired if a homosexual engages in sex with a heterosexual Excessive alcohol intake Ch 14.18

20. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Copyright Copyright 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.