1. Dark Matter Search with Direction Sensitive Scintillators NOON2004 Work Shop February 14, 2004, Odaiba H. Sekiya University of Tokyo M.Minowa, Y.Shimizu, Y.Inoue, W.Suganuma

2.  Motivations  Detector  Results of pilot run  Future Plans and Summary Table of Contents Direction Sensitivity for WIMPs search Anisotropic response of organic single crystal Preliminary measurements in Kamioka underground laboratory

3. V E =232 km/s Revolution 30km/s Sun DARK HALO (Maxwellian) Ｖ ０ ＝ 220km/s Cygnus Motivation -How to distinguish WIMPs from BGs? Realistic distinctive WIMP signals arise from the earth’s motion in the galactic halo. The annual modulation of event rate is one of the possible WIMP signal caused by earth ’ s revolution around the sun. The galactic rotation (230km/s) provides WIMP wind. Most convincing signature would be identified with recoil direction sensitive detector. WIMP wind WIMP Wind of Today NEW

4. Organic single crystals Scintillation efficiency depends on direction of nuclear recoils with respect to crystallographic axes. The possibility of anthracene crystals as a WIMP detector was investigated by DAMA. P. Belli et.al. Nuovo Ciment C 15(1992)475 We focus on the stilbene crystals. Light yield : 30% of NaI λmax : 410 nm Decay time : 5 ns In high energy regions, the response was precisely measured. Scintillation efficiency depends on only the angle with respect to c’ axis. Stilbene has an advantage in realizing large single crystal. P. Heckmann et al., Z. Phys 162(1961) 84 monoclinic system

5. Anisotropy for Carbon Recoils 2cm×2cm×2cm θ dependence was confirmed. Response to 5.9 keV X-ray Response to ～ 100 keV carbon recoil θ = Recoil angle with respect to c’ c’ We measured the angle/energy dependence of the scintillation efficience of carbon recoils in a stilbene crystal using neutrons in energies of 30 keV to 1MeV. H. Sekiya et al., PLB 571(2003) 132

6. Anisotropy for Carbon Recoils The variation of the efficiency is 7 % over the measured energy region. Only 7%, however, the WIMP wind is strong enough!

7. Application to WIMPs Detector The earth moves toward Cygnus (42°to the earth’s axis) Kamioka 36°N If we install the crystal with the c ’ axis towards the North, WIMP incident angle changes 80°over 12 sidereal hours Expected moduraltion of today in 4-6 keV window Moduraltion amplitude

8. Pilot Measurement in Kamioka ５ｃｍ φ× ５ｃｍ １１６ｇ Cryos Beta Ltd., Ukraine 116g stilbene crystal 2 low BG PMT read out (Hamamatsu R8778MOD) PMTs cool down -7 ℃ by Peltier coolers 2 low BG NaI(Tl) active shields (Horiba, Ltd.)

9. Pilot Measurement at Kamioka OFHC Copper 10cm Lead 15cm Polyethylene 20cm N 2 gas for Rn purge

10. Direction of the Wind α November 8 2003 to December 11 2003 Variation of the angle between the direction of c’ axis and the direction of the earth’s motion 2003

11. Measured Count Rates The count rate for 4-6 keV of every one hour. white background noise Fourier transformation 2000 counts/keV/day/kg in 4-6 keV energy window 1/23.934hours=1 sidereal day 2003

12. Current Issues Radio isotopes in PMT 1. Rather high background events 2. Stilbene itself. U-chainTh-chain ４０ K ６０ Co 1.8×10 -2 Bq6.9×10 -3 Bq1.4×10 -1 Bq5.5×10 -3 Bq Although NaI(Tl) worked effectively, highly radio-pure device is needed in principle. (Special material-selected PMT or avalanche photo diode … ) Ge spectrometry Organic material contains only proton or 12 C

13. Future Prospects Spin dependently interacting WIMPs serch with fluorine loaded organic crystals. Expected Sensitivity with C 10 F 8 M.P. = 87 ℃ λmax= 350 nm crystalline powder Octafluoronaphetalene C 10 F 8

14. Summary We focused on anisotropic scintillation detector with organic single crystals for dark matter search. The response of carbon recoils in a stilbene crystal in interested energy region was measured and the sensitivity to WIMPs was investigated. We have performed pilot measurements in Kamioka Underground laboratory, which presents a new method of dark matter search and the start point of the developments. We proposed new target (octafluoronaphetalene) for SD interacting dark matter.

15. Measurements of Carbon Recoil Principle of the measurements θＮθＮ θ Incident neutron energy E n Scattered neutron energy E n ’ With fixed scattered angle θ n Recoil nucleus, recoil energy E R and recoil angle θ N are uniquely determined by kinematics. θ-dependence of the scintillation efficiency

16. Neutron Source  7 Li(p,n) 7 Be using 3.2 MV Pelletron accelerator @ Tokyo Institute of Technology Capacitive Time pick-off Unit

17. Systematic Errors in Recoil Energy Recoil energy is calculated from the scattering angle and the TOF of the neutron energy Errors in scattering angle Errors in TOF Errors in Recoil angle is within 5keV i.e. within the bin width.

18. fitting Statistical Significance Best fit 2σ2σ 1σ1σ θ-dependent = Quenching parameter kBe Although statistics is not very high anisotropy of 7% is seen over the measured energy region

19. Naphthalene Z. phys. 165 (1961) 1 50% anisotropy Yield : 12% of NaI λmax : 348 nm Decay time : 96 ns Preparing NOW ！

20. Organic single crystals Scintillation efficiency depends on direction of nuclear recoils with respect to crystallographic axes. The possibility of anthracene crystals as a WIMP detector was investigated by DAMA. P. Belli et.al. Nuovo Ciment C 15(1992)475 We focus on the stilbene crystals. 70% light outputs of anthracene. Self-absorption in stilbene is less than that in anthracene Good transparent crystals can be grown because of its melting point (124 o C). Stilbene has an advantage in realizing large single crystal trans-stilbene Light yield : 30% of NaI λmax : 410 nm Decay time : 5 ns

21. Stilbene Scintillator Scintillation efficiency depends on only the angle with respect to c ’ axis. In high energy regions, the response was precisely measured. monoclinic system Cygnus Scintillation response to 6.9MeV αparticle P. Heckmann et al., Z. Phys 162(1961) 84 crystal rotation angle around c’ around a Light output around b We measured the angle/energy dependence of the scintillation efficience of carbon recoils in a stilbene crystal using neutrons in energies of 30 keV to 1MeV H. Sekiya et al., PLB 571(2003) 132

22. Obtained Visible Energy Spectra without NaI(Tl) shields with NaI(Tl) Total exposure 0.29 kg days without NaI(Tl) shields 2.58 kg days with NaI(Tl) shields 2000 counts/keV/day/kg in 4-6 keV energy window It is clear that the backgrounds originate from the PMTs are dominat.

23. V E =232 km/s Revolution 30km/s Sun DARK HALO (Maxwellian) Ｖ ０ ＝ 220km/s Cygnus Velocity distribution Motivation Realistic distinctive WIMP signals arise from the earth’s motion in the galactic halo. The annual modulation of event rate is one of the possible WIMP signal caused by earth ’ s revolution around the sun. The earth ’ s rotation through the galaxy provides WIMP wind. Most convincing signature would be identified with recoil direction sensitive detector. WIMP wind How to distinguish WIMPs from BGs?

24. Application to WIMPs Detector minumum at c’ // V E ｍ aximum at c’ ┴ V E Scattered WIMP Nuclear Recoil WIMP Wind γ VＥVＥ Light output should be cosγ distribution If the crystal is fixed to the earth, light outputs spectra would modulate synchronized to the earth ’ s rotation