1. Generation of low energy muon with laser resonant ionization of muonium atoms Yasuyuki Matsuda (for slow muon collaboration) NuFact05@INFN, Frascati 22nd June 2005

2. The RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility ISIS accelerator : 800MeV, 200  A(upgrading to 300  A), repetition rate 50Hz Surface muon: muons are generated at the surface of the intermediate target following decay of pions (       ). The beam has fixed kinetic energy (4.1MeV) Surface muon flux is 1x10 6 muons/sec, with beam size of about 3cm (FWHM) Research programs includes  SR,  CF, muonic X-ray measurement etc... The world most intense pulsed surface and decay muon source

3.  SR (Muon spin rotation/resonance/relaxation) Polarized muons are implanted in a sample. Positrons are emitted preferably towards muon spin direction. By observing the change of angular distribution of emitted positrons, we can measure internal magnetic field distributions and their fluctuations. Merits There are no ‘preferred’ nuclei.  Any material can be measured. NMR, Mossbauer measurement The measurement can be done without external magnetic field and under room temperature. Very sensitive probe  But, its application has been limited to bulk material due to wide momentum dispersion and large beam size.

4. slow muons Slow muons : muons which are re-accelerated from resting state. Beam energy is tunable, and its spread is small. ⇒ Range can be adjusted from a few nm to a few hundred nm. Beam size is small. ⇒ New applications of  SR for thin films, surface/interfaces and nano-materials, which are scientifically interesting as well as commercially important. Cryogenic moderator method (PSI) Laser resonant ionization method (KEK-RIKEN) Obtain ultra slow muons by ionizing thermal muoniums emitted from a hot tungsten film. Initial energy is around 0.2eV, and its spread is less than 1eV. Time structure is determined by laser timing.

5. Schematic view of the ultra slow muon beam line

6. A Picture of the ultra slow muon beam line

7. Current status of slow muon R&D RIKEN-RAL muon facility : the world’s strongest pulsed muon source PSI : the world’s strongest DC muon source Both facilities are developing slow muon technologies...  “Noblesse Oblige” for muon science community!

8. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies

9. Slow muon range measurement We have demonstrated that we can control muon’s range within 10nm resolution by changing implantation energy of slow muons. → provides magnetic probe with depth resolution → application for study of surface/interfaces and multilayers Preliminary

10. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies

11. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies High temporal resolution (as well as high energy resolution)

12. Temporal resolution of ultra slow muon beam The temporal width of slow muon beam was about 10nsec. This is significantly narrower than that of initial muon beam (about 100nsec). This is because emitted muonium atoms are not accelerated until they are ionized by laser irradiation. Energy resolution is about 100eV Up : temporal resolution of slow muon beam generated by laser resonant ionization method (April 2003) Down ： temporal resolution of slow muon beam generated by cryo-solid moderator method at ISIS muon beam line (Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. K. Trager, 1999)

13. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies High temporal resolution ( as well as high energy resolution)

14. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position

15. Beam profile at sample position Beam profile was measured using position sensitive MCP (Roentdek). The beam size was 4.4mm(x-axis) and 3.2mm(y-axis) at 9.0keV beam energy. (The size of original beam is about 3cmx3cm) Smallness of the beam size allows us to measure samples which can be made in small quantity with good S/N ratio.

16. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position

17. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position Lower background

18. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muon beam line at RIKEN-RAL muon facility retains an advantage of pulsed muon beam – lower background. S/N ratio is expected to be improved as muon yield increases. red points are taken at RIKEN-RAL muon facility on March 2005. Preliminary

19. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility have... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position Lower background

20. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility is... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position Lower background The best muon beam in the world!

21. Current status of slow muon R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility is... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position Lower background The best muon beam in the world! (except intensity and polarization)

22. Target studies Increasing conversion efficiency from incident muons to thermal muoniums is a straight-forward way to increase slow muon yield. Micro-fabricating cryogenic moderator increased beam intensity at PSI by 30% Increasing surface area... Etching by chemicals Laser micro-fabrication : 20% increase of surface area expected. (under discussion with Resonetics Ltd.) Micro-fabrication by a diamond cutter : 50% increase of surface area expected. (under discussion with Ohmori Lab., RIKEN) tungsten surface drilled by pulsed laser irradiation (by Mr. David Wall, Rosonetics Ltd.) Example of micro-fabrication by a diamont cutter (from pictures on http://www.micro.ne.jp)http://www.micro.ne.jp

23. Target studies Hydrogen solution in metals Extensive studies have been done for the solubility of hydrogen in metals. Large (positive) solution enthalpy means the work function for hydrogen (muonium) to escape from metal is small. But the depth of adsorption energy could play a role, as well as the height of surface barrier energy.  Needs experimental studies! Matsushita et al. studied muonium production from Iridium(Ir) 1), Platinum(Pt) 2) and Renium(Re) 3), and obtained a promising result for Iridium. Ruthenium(Ru) and Molybdenum(Mo) also seem promising. Our system is a very sensitive muonium detector!  H(eV/atom) Melt point (C) W0.223387 Pt0.201772 Ir0.762457 Mo0.532610 Ru0.562250 Rh0.281963 Ta  0.37 2996 Nb  0.37 2468 Ti  0.47 1675 V  0.32 1890 1) A. Matsushita et al. Hyp. Int. 106 (1997) 283 2) A. Matsushita et al. Phys. Lett. A 244 (1998) 174 3) A. Matsushita et al. unpublished

24. (A secret plan) Recovery of muonium polarization Currently, muonium are generated under no magnetic field, resulting loss of polarization because triplet states are mixed up. Applying magnetic field to muonium would resolve degenerated levels. → less depolarization of muonium at triplet state → 100% polarization of muonium （ Overcoming our weak point) Needs careful study for beam transportation, though.

25. The goal of our R&D Slow muons at RIKEN-RAL muon facility will have... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position Lower background 100% polarization

26. Slow muons at -Factory Slow muons at  factory will have... Variable implantation energies High time resolution ( as well as high energy resolution) Smaller beam size at sample position Lower background 100% polarization The best muon beam in the world to open many possibilities!

27. Summary We have successfully generated slow muon beam at the RIKEN-RAL muon facility by laser resonant ionization method. Slow muon beam gives depth-resolution to mSR technique, which is very sensitive tool to investigate magnetic property of materials. This demonstration shows that laser resonant ionization method is ideally suited to intense pulsed muon source. R&D work is in progress to increase conversion efficiency further and to recover muon’s polarization to nearly 100%. There would be a strong case for intense pulsed proton beam (at  factory) from material scientists, who would like to have intense pulsed low-energy muon beam (and intense pulsed neutron beam).

28. Collaborators Y. Miyake (KEK) K. Nagamine (KEK) P. Strasser (KEK) K. Shimomura (KEK) S. Makimura (KEK) K. Ishida (RIKEN) T. Matsuzaki (RIKEN) M. Iwasaki (RIKEN) P. Bakule (RIKEN) Y. Matsuda (RIKEN) Y. Ikedo (KEK)

29. ---spare OHPs--- --- Spare OHPs ---

30. Laser resonant ionization method Ionization energy of muonium is 13.6eV (corresponding wavelength is 90nm)  Single photon ionization is difficult. Use two-photon resonant ionization with 122nm and 355nm photons. Since the 1S-2P transition is a strongly allowed transition, high efficiency is expected. But generation of 122nm photon is challenging. Conventional non-linear medium (like BBO crystal) can not be used in this wave length region. Need to use gaseous medium. Use a resonant sum-difference frequency mixing method in Kr gas to generate 122nm light. 10 2 ~10 3 enhancement can be expected compared to third harmonic generation in gaseous medium.

31. Time Schedule (FY2005) Cryostat installation in the middle of July. Ready in this autumn. Laser-fabricated tungsten foil will be ready by this autumn. Metal foils will be delivered by this autumn. Making coil for polarization recovery and change of design for beam optics would take time. We expect we can test them in early 2006. Lasers will be upgraded with new crystals in this summer.

32. Laser studies Laser intensities of both lyman  and 355nm not saturated for muonium ionization. We are currently generating lyman  photons using resonant- sum-difference method at Kr 4p 5 5p[1/2,0] transition. According to our experience, lyman  intensity linearly increases as 212.55nm intensity increases. Pursue brighter 212.55nm output using different conversion scheme. Investigate alternative schemes to generate lyman .

33. Diagram of the laser system All-solid laser system using OPOs and Nd:YAG lasers  Stable operation  Gives good timing (1nsec accuracy)  Good overlapping of 212nm laser and 820nm laser for frequency mixing in Kr gas.  Good overlapping of VUV light and 355nm laser for ionizing muonium. (The lifetime of 2P state is only 1.6nsec.)

34.  SR spectrometer Large solid angle covered Zero-Field measurement and Transverse-Field measurement (~600G) can be done. Longitudinal-Field measurement under consideration.  installation finished in December 2005 (except ZF coils).

35. PSI slow muon beam line E. Morenzoni et al. Hyperfine Interactions 106(1997)229

36. Depth-resolved profile of the magnetic field beneath the surface of a superconducter with a few nm resolution T.J. Jackson, et al. PRL84(2000)4958 A magnetic field was applied parallel to the surface of a superconducting YBCO film (thikness 700nm). The variation of the magnetic field below the surface was directly measured by stopping polarized muons at different implantation depth. 80K 70K 50K 20K

37. Direct observation of the oxygen isotope effect on the in-plane magnetic field penetration depth in optimally doped YBCO R. Khasanov, et al. PRL92(2004)057602 The oxygen isotope effect on the magnetic field penetration depth was measured. This change of penetration depth was interpreted to be caused by change of effective mass of charge carrier.

38. Direct observation of nonlocal effects in a superconductor A. Suter, et al. PRL92(2004)087001 超伝導状態にある鉛の 薄膜への磁場の侵入の 様子を直接観測した。 指数関数的な減衰（点 線）からのずれが観測 されている。このずれ は低温（図は 3.05K で測 定された）で大きく、 Tc に近い（ 6.66K ）では 小さくなった（鉛の Tc は 7.21K ） 右上の図は対照実験と して行った YBCO 薄膜 で、指数関数的な減衰 が見られている

39. Observation of the conduction electron spin polarizaion in the Ag spacer of a Fe/Ag/Fe trilayer H. Kuetkens, et al. PRL91(2003)017204 Muons are implanted in a intermediate Ag layer of 20nm thickness, sandwiched by Fe layer. External magnetic field of 8.8mT was applied. Obtained mSR spectrum was fourier transformed to give the profile of magnetic field in the intermediate Ag layer. The peaks around 8.8mT is due to hyperfine interaction between polarized electron in Ag and muons. This spectrum can be explained if conduction electron are polarized with oscillating behaviour.

40. An example of possible  SR studies  towards “spintronics” “Spintronics” is a recent buzz word; the idea is to control electronic property by manipulating electron spin. Examples include... Multilayer composed of alternating ferromagnetic metal and non- ferromagnetic spacer layers. Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) effect; changes in resistance exceeding 100% is observed when an external magnetic field is applied. Strong industrial applications (example : recent HDD) Conjunction of ferromagnetic metal and semiconductor Electron spin is induced to semiconductors from spin-polarized metal. Industrial applications expected (example : spin FET) The understanding of electron spin state in the non-magnetic intermediate layer is the key for studies of these systems, but direct measurement is difficult, depth-resolved measurement is further difficult. Slow muons could change that!