1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sociology Eleventh Edition Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 4: Socialization

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Socialization  The Role of Socialization The Role of Socialization  The Self and Socialization The Self and Socialization  Socialization and the Life Course Socialization and the Life Course  Agents of Socialization Agents of Socialization  Social Policy and Socialization: Child Care around the World Social Policy and Socialization: Child Care around the World

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation  Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development  Isabelle and Genie: Two Cases Show importance of socialization  Isabelle kept hidden from world for 6 years  Genie isolated from 20-months old until 14 years old  Primate Studies Studies of animals raised in isolation support importance of socialization

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Figure 4-1: Genie’s Sketch Source: Curtiss 1977:274.

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 5 The Influence of Heredity  Studies of Identical Twins Similar scores on intelligent tests when twins reared apart in similar social settings Different scores when twins reared apart in dramatically different social settings  Based on extremely small samples  Critics question whether identical twins had contact while growing up

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Sociological Approaches to the Self  Self: distinct identity that sets us apart from others  Cooley: Looking-Glass Self Self is product of our social interactions Our view of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and our impressions of how others perceive us

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Sociological Approaches to the Self  Mead: Stages of the Self Preparatory stage: children imitate people around them  Symbols: gestures, objects and words that form the basis of human communication Play stage: children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs  Role taking: process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Sociological Approaches to the Self  Mead: Stages of the Self Game stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously  Generalized others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Sociological Approaches to the Self  Mead: Theory of the Self Self begins at a privileged, central position in a person’s world As person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others Significant others: individuals most important in the development of the self

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Sociological Approaches to the Self  Goffman: Presentation of the Self Impression management: individual learns to slant the presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences  Goffman makes so many explicit parallels to theater, theory called dramaturgical approach Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Sociology on Campus  4-1: Impression Management by Students How do you react with those who have received higher or lower grades than you?  Do you engage in impression management? What social norms govern students impression management strategies?

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Psychological Approaches to the Self  Freud Stressed the role of inborn drives in channeling human behavior Suggested self has components that work in opposition to each other  Natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints By interacting with others, we learn expectations of society and select most appropriate behavior for our culture

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Psychological Approaches to the Self  Piaget Emphasized stages humans progress through as the self develops Cognitive theory of development: four stages in development of children’s thought processes Social interaction key to development

14. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Table 4-1: Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self

15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 15 The Life Course  Rites of passage: means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status Ceremonies mark stages of development  Life-course approach: looks closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives We encounter some difficult socialization challenges in later years

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Table 4-2: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood Note: Based on the 2002 General Social Survey of 1,398 people. Source: T. W. Smith 2003.

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization  Anticipatory socialization: processes of socialization in which person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships  Resocialization: process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as transition in one’s life

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization  Total institution: institution – prison, military, mental hospital, or convent – that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority  Degradation ceremony: ritual where individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in an overbearing social environment

19. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Family  Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated  Cultural Influences How children develop sense of self can vary between cultures Children do not play a passive role  The Impact of Race and Gender Gender roles: expectation regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

20. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Sociology in the Global Community  4-2: Raising Amish Children What makes Amish parents so sure that their children will choose to remain in the Amish community? If you lived in an Amish community, how would your life differ from the way it is now?  In you opinion, what advantages and disadvantages would that lifestyle have?

21. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Taking Sociology to Work  Rakefet Avramovits: Program Administrator, Child Care Law Center What might be some of the broad, long-term effects of the center’s work to expand child care options? Besides the law, what other professions might benefit from the skills a sociology major has to offer?

22. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 22 School  Conflict theorists find U.S. schools foster competition through built-in systems of reward and punishment  Functionalist note schools are agents of socialization and teach children values and customs of the larger society

23. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Peer Group  As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others Importance of peer groups to young people shown when social lives are strained by war or disaster Gender differences are noteworthy among adolescents

24. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Table 4-3: High School Popularity Note: Students at the following universities were asked in which ways adolescents in their high schools had gained prestige with their peers: Cornell University, Louisiana State University, Southeastern Louisiana University, State University of New York at Albany, State University of New York at Stony Brook, University of Georgia, and the University of New Hampshire. Source: Suitor et al. 2001:445.

25. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Mass Media and Technology  Media innovations, especially television and the Internet, are important agents of socialization National survey indicates 68% of U.S. children have television in their bedroom Nearly half of youths use Internet daily Technology socializes families into multitasking as a social norm Cell phones having impact on developing countries

26. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Figure 4-2: How Young People Use the Media on a Typical Day Note: Based on a national representative sample of 2,032 people surveyed between October 2003 and March 2004. Source: Rideout et al. 2005:7.

27. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Workplace  Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization Adolescents generally seek jobs to make spending money Some educators complain that student time at work is adversely affecting schoolwork From ages 18 to 40, typical person holds 11 different jobs

28. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Religion and State  Social scientists increasingly recognize importance of government’s and organized religion’s impact on life course Transferred family protective function to hospitals, mental health clinics, and child care centers Religious organizations stipulate traditional rites that may bring together all members of an extended family Government regulations stipulate legal ages for drinking, driving, marriage, and retirement

29. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Child Care Around the World  The Issue An increasing number of mothers of young children are in U.S. paid labor force Preschools typically not cared for by parents  73% of employed mothers and 30% of mothers not employed have regular care arrangements

30. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Child Care Around the World  The Setting Finding the right kind of day care challenges parents and pocketbook High-quality child care centers do not adversely affect socialization of children Difficult to generalize about child care since there is much variability among providers and policies from one state to another

31. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Child Care Around the World  Sociological Insights Studies assessing quality of child care outside of home reflect micro-level analysis favored by interactionists  Functionalists offer macro-level analysis of the family as a social institution  Conflict theorists note high-quality day care not equally available to all families  Feminists point out that 95% of child care workers are women, half of whom earn less than $8.70 per hour

32. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Child Care Around the World  Policy Initiatives Policies regarding child care outside of the home vary throughout the world When policymakers decide that child care is desirable, they must determine degree taxpayers should subsidize it  In U.S., where government subsidies are limited, total cost of child care can run between $9,100 and $13,200 per family

33. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Figure 4-3: Child Care Arrangements for Preschoolers Note: Data for 2002, reported in 2005. Source: Julia Johnson 2005:2.

34. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Figure 4-4: Child Care Costs in Industrial Nations Source: Data collected by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2002 and reported in Immervoll 2006.