2. The center of the Solar System: Heliocentric Model vs. Geocentric Model

3. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Established the Geocentric view –States that the Earth is the center of all things and the Sun, moon and planets revolve around it –Works for the Sun and moon, –Sucks for the planets Can’t explain: –Their changing brightness and –Retrograde motion: »Appear to stop and move backwards in the sky during the year

4. A Geocentric Solar System

6. Retrograde Motion of the Planets as seen from Earth

7. Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) – around 140 A.D. Greek, 400 yrs. after Aristotle Made the best Geocentric Model “The Ptolemaic Model” Problem: very complex Had 80 circles to explain the sun, moon and 5 planets known then!

8. Ptolemy made “epicycles” to explain retrograde motion of planets

12. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) 2,000 years after Aristotle and Aristarchus Copernican Revolution –The change from a belief in a Geocentric model to a Heliocentric model Copernicus liked Heliocentric model because it’s simpler: –“…it is more pleasing to the mind”, –It also explained some small inconsistencies in the Geocentric theory and states that the Sun is the center of the solar system, planets revolve around the Sun

13. A Drawing of the Heliocentric model made by Copernicus

14. Nicholas Copernicus The only major flaw in his version of the heliocentric model was that he used circular orbits when we now know the planets travel in elliptical orbits But that might have been because the orbit of Mars is very close to a perfect circle around the Sun. His ideas were never accepted in his lifetime either, But with the observations of some later astronomers, the world eventually did “revolve around” to the correct understanding.

15. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian born 21 years after Copernicus died A key to his success: –He embraced cutting edge technology and techniques of his day like Experimentation over logical reasoning and The telescope –Invented in Holland around 1600, Galileo was already around 36 years old –He heard about it (never had seen one!) and built one for himself.

16. Galileo’s discoveries of Jupiter’s moons with his telescope showed that Earth was not the center of all orbits strongly supported a heliocentric model even though Copernicus’ model was no more accurate than Ptolemy’s.

17. Galileo also observed ‘blemishes’ on the Sun (sunspots): This contradicted ‘perfect spheres’ idea of Aristotle.

18. Galileo’s discoveries of Venus’ phases with his telescope showed that Venus must orbit the Sun strongly supported a heliocentric model even though Copernicus’ model was no more accurate than Ptolemy’s.

20. Galileo’s discoveries of Venus’ phases with his telescope showed that Venus must orbit the Sun strongly supported a heliocentric model Venus can only go through phases if it orbits the Sun.

21. Galileo Galilei Some key observations he made in that trusty telescope of his: 1.Mountains, valleys and craters on the Moon, 2.The sun has imperfections - sunspots, which he watched rotating 3.4 moons of Jupiter (if other planets have moons, earth is not the center of all things) 4.Venus goes through phases like the moon, which can only be explained by the heliocentric theory (pic on pg.30)

22. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) German, 7 years younger than Galileo Poor eyesight –So he based his laws on Tycho Brahe’s observations Discovered 3 simple laws that accurately described the planets’ motion in the heliocentric theory

23. Johannes Kepler Called: “The 3 Laws of Planetary Motion” Kepler’s Laws pretty much sealed the lid on the Geocentric model’s coffin and allowed most scientists to accept the Heliocentric model. –Especially because they followed the Occam’s razor principle (simple) They work for every planet in our solar system, even the ones that Kepler never knew about!

24. Kepler’s model for the Solar System: A Concentric Series of Crystalline Spheres

25. Kepler’s Three laws  1 st Law: All orbits are Elliptical with Sun at one focus (circular orbits are special case of elliptical with e = 0)  2 nd Law: Planets sweep out equal areas in equal time  3 rd Law: P 2 = a 3 (P in yrs, a in AU)

26. The Copernican Revolution

27. 9/13/2005

28. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) British Born the same year that Galileo died Finally explained WHY the earth orbits the Sun. Before him Galileo, Brahe and Kepler explained WHAT the solar system looked like, but couldn’t say WHY it looked that way. Newton came up with… –The 3 laws of motion –The law of Universal Gravitation –and helped invent Calculus to explain WHY.

29. Isaac Newton The law of gravity says that all masses attract each other and that the more mass an object has the greater the attraction it has. –Explains why the earth and planets are pulled towards the Sun, but why don’t they get pulled INTO the Sun??

30. Isaac Newton The first law of motion is the law of inertia –An object tends to maintain its current state of motion In both speed and direction –When the solar system formed, the Sun “caught” giant masses in space, which are now the planets. –Those masses moving through space also wanted to maintain their forward motion through space because of their inertia, so they ended up moving around the Sun instead of stopping and sitting still in space.

31. Isaac Newton –The planets continue to move because there is no friction in space to slow them down –If gravity was suddenly “turned off”, they would fly off in a straight line pointing out from their orbit because of their inertia. ball on a string example

32. So to sum upSo to sum up: –Gravity keeps the planets pulled inward towards the Suntowards the Sun –Inertia keeps them moving outward, results in a circular pathresults in a circular path

33. Isaac Newton Quote “If I have been able to see farther than others it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” --- Newton’s letter to Robert Hooke, probably referring to Galileo and Kepler

34. Lesson Review Time! #1. (T/F) Aristotle was the first to propose that all planets revolve around the Sun.

35. Lesson Review Time! #2. (T/F) During retrograde motion, planets actually stop and move backwards in space.

36. Lesson Review Time! #3. (T/F) The heliocentric model of the universe holds that the earth is the center of the universe.

37. Lesson Review Time! #4. (T/F) Copernicus’ theories gained widespread acceptance during his lifetime.

38. Lesson Review Time! #5. (T/F) Galileo’s observations of the sky were made with the naked eye

39. Lesson Review Time! #7. (T/F) Kepler’s laws hold true only for the 6 planets known in his time.

40. Lesson Review Time! #9. A major flaw in Copernicus’ model was that it still had: A)The Sun at the center B) Earth at the center C) retrograde loops for the planets D) circular orbits for the planets

41. Lesson Review Time! #10. A accurate sketch of Mar’s orbit around the Sun would show: A)The Sun far off center B) An oval twice as long as it is wide C) A nearly perfect circle D) Phases