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1750-1914.  great acceleration in rate of technological innovation, leading to an enormously increased output of goods & services  new sources of energy.

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Presentation on theme: "1750-1914.  great acceleration in rate of technological innovation, leading to an enormously increased output of goods & services  new sources of energy."— Presentation transcript:

1 1750-1914

2  great acceleration in rate of technological innovation, leading to an enormously increased output of goods & services  new sources of energy  a culture of innovation  widespread & almost obsessive belief that things could be endlessly improved  put W.Europe into position of global dominance  only nations that industrialized had chance to compete w/ W.Europe  spread unevenly & is a continuing process  “developed”, “developing”, “undeveloped” nations

3  preceded by Scientific Revolution  numerous small, competitive states  governments supported merchant class  govts needed revenue they provided  encourage innovation & commerce  global contact w/culturally different people  bring back foreign goods as stimulus ▪ ex. Indian cotton cloth, Chinese porcelain  can draw on world’s natural resources

4  unplanned & unexpected, c1750  factors of production were ideal  large labor force (unemployed farmers) ▪ farmlands “enclosed” & agricultural innovations  infrastructure: road & canal networks  geographic luck ▪ coal & iron ore, protection from conquest  stability  global empire provided natural resources  government pro-capitalist  limited monarchy

5 Britain Germany, France, Belgium USA

6 JAMES WATT’S STEAM ENGINE  constant innovation THE POWER LOOM STEAM LOCOMOTIVE THE STEAMBOAT

7 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining Output & Laborers in Britain: 1800-1914 British Pig Iron Production: 1750-1870 British Cotton Textile Production: 1800: 52,000,000 lbs. cotton used 1850: 588,000,000 lbs cotton used

8 Length of Railroad Lines Open (in kilometers)

9  The Aristocracy  owned most farmland & dominated politics  rivaled by industrialized businessmen  many became settlers or administrators in overseas colonies  The Middle Class  Self-made factory & mine owners, bankers, merchants  live aristocratic life  central value = respectability

10  The Laboring Class  manual workers  impacted most by new urbanization ▪ majority of British population in cities ▪ overcrowded, unsanitary, periodic epidemics, tenement housing, inadequate water supply, few public services  factory system:  workers produce manufactured goods in one place using machines for regular wage  long hours, low wages, monotonous labor, dangerous  children & young women oftentimes used

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14  Luddites  movement for working man’s vote  women’s rights & suffrage movement  trade unions develop  socialist & utopian ideals form & spread  challenge capitalist society & social problems it developed  “Marxism”

15  Communism (“Marxism”)  Karl Marx  The Communist Manifesto, 1848 ▪ history is the story of class struggle ▪ oppressor vs. oppressed ▪ bourgeoisie vs. proletariat ▪ Marx’s observations: ▪ under capitalism, the industrial workers are exploited by their bosses ▪ Goal of communism? ▪ Abolish capitalism & class system! ▪ How? ▪ Revolution of workers & redistribute wealth evenly ▪ No private property; all is shared in the workers’ paradise!


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