1. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Dr.Heinz-Detlef Gregor, WGE Bureau Consultant, Director and Professor a.D., Umweltbundesamt Germany The Potential for Further Developing Effects Monitoring Monitoring and modelling air pollution effects on a European scale in the framework of the Convention on Long- range Transboundary Air Pollution Recommendations for Increasing EECCA Participation

2. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 In the beginning were the effects... Photo: B.O. Rosseland Photo: H.D.Gregor

3. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Export [ 10 5 kg nitrogen], i.e. Depositions in other European countries, caused by Germany, year 2000 ES 16 GB 58 IE 7 RO 112 BE 48 GR 18 IT 96 LU 7 AL 7 FR 210 TR 39 BG 30 IS 5 NL 79 FI 142 DK 132 HU 76 SE 371 AT 268 NO 194 PT 2 PL 702 1199 BY 133 UA 238 RU 653 EE 44 LV 61 LT 70 396 CZ 329 SK 67 YU 43 MD 11 SI 21 HR 42 BA 30 FYM 4 104 CH 44 HR 36 MK 5 4.434 * 10 5 kg N

4. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Import [10 5 kg nitrogen], i.e. depositions in Italy, caused by other European countries, year 2000 ES 182 PT 17 AT 30 FI 0 DE 96 PL 16 12 BY 1 UA 6 RU 5 EE 0 LV 0 LT 0 22 CZ 18 SK 4 HU 13 TR 6 GR 25 AL 7 MK 3 RO 13 BG 9 HR 23 CY 0 YU 13 MD 0 SI 19 BA 19 51 FR 232 LU 1 BE 12 NL 15 GB 21 IS 0 IE 2 NO 1 DK 3 SE 1 CH 42 855 * 10 5 kg N

5. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 51 Parties to the Convention Artic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep. Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Yugoslavia Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara Sea Barents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada of America Kyrgyzsta n Artic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep. Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Serbia and Montenegro Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara Sea Barents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada United States of America Kyrgyzsta n Kazakhstan Azerbaijan 34 

6. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 The Protocols - ambition levels increased stepwise - 1985 and 1994 Sulphur Protocols 1988 NOx Protocol 1991 VOC Protocol 1998 Heavy Metals Protocol 1998 POP Protocol 1999 Gothenburg Protocol –multi-pollutant multi-effect S N VOC HM POP Multi

7. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 What are the main obstacles for so many Parties to sign/ratify Protocols?

8. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 M&M Protocol obligations: The Parties shall reduce their emissions (Art. 2), support the provision of information (Art. 5), gather information on effects on human health, ecosystems and materials and ensure its availability (Art. 6). submit emission data on S, N, VOC (Art. 7), support harmonisation of methods for monitoring and assessment of effects and trends (Art. 8).

9. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Cause-effect approach Cross-media flux approach monitor state of the environment and changes with causative explanations develop and validate models detect changes by biomonitoring investigate ecosystems, cross-media fluxes cause-effect approach stocks at risk/risk assessment critical levels/loads and exceedances EOA:

10. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Monitoring the Environment with Effects in Mind

11. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 The International Cooperative Programmes (ICPs) and the Task Force on Health: observation networks Effects Community: 42 170 1900 ICP VEGETATION Integrated Monitoring

12. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 ICP Forests ICP Waters ICP Materials ICP Vegetation ICP Integr. Monitoring ICP Modelling and Mapping Taskforce Health mtdatamtdtmdatamtdatamtgdatamtgdatamtg Armenia 2007 Belarus level I § 06 2005 (HM) 2005 2006 2007 2005 2007 2005 2006 2007 Azerbaijan 2007 Georgia 2007 2005 2006 2007 Kazakhstan 2007 Kyrgyzstan 2006 2007 Republic of Moldova level I § 07 19982006 2007 Russian Federation 05 06 1996 (soil) 06 1987– 2003 05 06 07 2007¤ (HM) 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 Tajikistan * Turkmenist.* Ukraine 05level I § 072007 O 3 HM 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 Uzbekistan * 07 * not Party to the Convention ¤ Data for moss survey in 2005–2006 will be supplied in 2007. § Data for defoliation for some years. Participation in EOA What are the main obstacles for so many Parties to join EOA?

13. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Level II plots

14. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 mean defoliation [%] 1989 2001

15. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 ICP Forests – Selected major achievements (2006) Significant downward trends in S deposition, no trends in N depositions Biodiversity The BERN Model was applied at 3 plots. Changes in the C/N ratio and base saturation as result of atmospheric deposition would lead to vegetation changes. Dynamic modelling Assuming Gothenburg implementation many plots will show recovery within the next decades, but the original soil pH will not be reached at all plots. Correlations between pollution status and vegetation clear relationship between soil pH and ground vegetation N deposition was reflected in composition of ground vegetation

16. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007

17. Heavy metals moss survey  Ca. 7000 (3200) sites in 32 (18) countries  Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn, (N)  Interlaboratory calibration exercise European heavy metal (N) in moss survey: 2005/6

18. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Five regional centres to collate field- based evidence for effects of ozone ICP VEGETATION 25 th WGE session

19. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Biological recovery (as observed by ICP Waters in Norway) shows improvements over the last 10 – 14 years. The recovery is most pronounced the latest years Baetis Rhodani EB.AIR/WG.1/2004/6

20. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 The catchment approach process oriented - budget calculations http://www.environment.fi/default.asp?contentid=17110&lan=en deposition wetdry tree bioelements tree response epiphyte response aerosols and gases litter fall throughfall surface water groundwater understorey veg. response weathering decomposition, mineralisation soil water root uptake run off soil

21. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 in out input – output relations

22. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 ICP Materials – Selected major achievements (2005) Areas with increased risk of corrosion 1980 2000

23. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 WEG, 25th Session, Task Force on Health Main recent activities - Health risk of heavy metals from LRTAP - Health risks of PM from LRTAP - Health risks of O3 from LRTAP - Assessment of health impacts of air pollution in EECCA

24. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 WGE, 25th Session, Task Force on Health Estimated rural concentrations of ozone (average meteorological data for 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2003): SOMO35, ppb.days 20002020

25. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Simple Mass Balance

26. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Pollutants: - SO x, NO y, NH x - Heavy metals Receptors: - Forest - Natural and semi-natural vegetation - Aquatic ecosystems Prioritization:

27. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007

28. 1990 2010 Excess deposition of acidity over Critical Loads in 1990 and 2010 if the Gothenburg protocol is fully implemented. The observed decrease in exceedances is due to a substantial sulphur reduction. However, the emission of nitrogen oxides and ammonia will continue to contribute to acidification and eutrophication.

29. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation in EOA Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support.

30. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points.

31. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points. Participate in prioritized programme activities (ICPs/TF) with existing national data and expertise: Compile and submit existing data to resp. Programme Centres Participate actively in the evaluation of those data; Ensure experts to attend annual programme meetings, always with oral presentation / written summary in English.

32. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points. Participate in prioritized programme activities (ICPs/TF) with existing national data and expertise: Compile and submit existing data to resp. Programme Centres Participate actively in the evaluation of those data; Ensure experts to attend annual programme meetings, always with oral presentation / written summary in English. Design sites and start to monitor effects: Identify priority parameters and responsible experts for monitoring (for chosen most important receptors); Check minimum data requirements; Assess existing capacity for actually conducting the monitoring; Start with few sites that cover requirements of several programmes (ICPs/TF); Ensure resources to analyse data and report results.

33. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points. Participate in prioritized programme activities (ICPs/TF) with existing national data and expertise: Compile and submit existing data to resp. Programme Centres Participate actively in the evaluation of those data; Ensure experts to attend annual programme meetings, always with oral presentation / written summary in English. Design sites and start to monitor effects: Identify priority parameters and responsible experts for monitoring (for chosen most important receptors); Check minimum data requirements; Assess existing capacity for actually conducting the monitoring; Start with few sites that cover requirements of several programmes (ICPs/TF); Ensure resources to analyse data and report results. Integrate research activities: Coordinate monitoring, evaluation of data, modelling and overall assessment; Ensure cooperation, coordination and harmonisation at national and subregional levels; Conduct/participate in subregional (thematic) workshops, expert training sessions and cooperation with neighbouring countries. ^^

34. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007

35. ......and report to WGE on your experiences, results, technical or scientific problems,......and expectations.

36. CAPACT final meeting, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4-6 July 2007 Information on recent reports & publications, the 2007 TF Meetings and more details on achievements and ongoing activities of ICPs and TF Health may be drawn from the  Joint Report: Doc. EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/3,  the Technical Reports: Doc. EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/5..... /14  and the CLRTAP´s, WGE´s and ICPs´/TFs´ web sites: Need more information? 27 years of work under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution has resulted in a wealth of published material and internet presentations that made it an easy task to collate this brochure. The effort of numerous individual authors, groups and organisations that directly or indirectly found its way into this presentation is gratefully acknowledged. Try here: gregor.wge@web.de or: Programme Centre ICP Forest http://www.icp-forests.org/ Programme Centre ICP Waters http://www.niva.no/ICP-waters/ICP_index.htm Programme Centre ICP Materials http://www.corr-institute.se/ICP-Materials/ Programme Centre ICP Vegetation http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk/ Programme Centre ICP Integrated Monitoring http://www.environment.fi/ default.asp?contentid=17110&lan=en Programme Centre ICP Modelling and Mapping http://www.icpmapping/org Joint Task Force on Health Aspects, WHO European Ctre for Env. and Health, Bonn Office http://www.euro.who.int/air