1. Modflow, GWVistas MODular three-dimensional finite- difference ground-water FLOW model--2000

2. MODFLOW MODFLOW is a three-dimensional finite- difference ground- water model that was first published in 1984. It has a modular structure that allows it to be easily modified to adapt the code for a particular application. Many new capabilities have been added to the original model. http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/modflow2000.html

3. What it does MODFLOW-2000 simulates steady and nonsteady flow in an irregularly shaped flow system in which aquifer layers can be confined, unconfined, or a combination of confined and unconfined. Flow from external stresses, such as flow to wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration, flow to drains, and flow through river beds, can be simulated. Hydraulic conductivities or transmissivities for any layer may differ spatially and be anisotropic (restricted to having the principal directions aligned with the grid axes), and the storage coefficient may be heterogeneous.

4. Boundaries Specified head and specified flux boundaries can be simulated as can a head dependent flux across the model's outer boundary that allows water to be supplied to a boundary block in the modeled area at a rate proportional to the current head difference between a "source" of water outside the modeled area and the boundary block.

5. Usage MODFLOW is currently the most used numerical model in the U.S. Geological Survey for ground- water flow problems. In addition to simulating ground-water flow, the scope of MODFLOW-2000 has been expanded to incorporate related capabilities such as solute transport and parameter estimation.

6. Solution The ground-water flow equation is solved using the finite- difference approximation. The flow region is subdivided into blocks in which the medium properties are assumed to be uniform. In plan view the blocks are made from a grid of mutually perpendicular lines that may be variably spaced. Model layers can have varying thickness. A flow equation is written for each block, called a cell. Several solvers are provided for solving the resulting matrix problem; the user can choose the best solver for the particular problem. Flow-rate and cumulative-volume balances from each type of inflow and outflow are computed for each time step.

7. DATA REQUIREMENTS In order to use MODFLOW, initial conditions, hydraulic properties, and stresses must be specified for every model cell in the finite-difference grid.

8. OUTPUT OPTIONS Primary output is head, which can be written to the listing file or into a separate file. Other output includes the complete listing of all input data, drawdown, and budget data. Budget data are printed as a summary in the listing file, and detailed budget data for all model cells can be written into a separate file.

9. PACKAGES BAS6 -- Basic Package BCF6 -- Block-Centered Flow Package LPF1 -- Layer-Property Flow Package RIV6 -- River Package DRN6 -- Drain Package WEL6 -- Well Package GHB6 -- General Head Boundary Package RCH6 -- Recharge Package EVT6 -- Evapotranspiration Package CHD6 -- Time-Variant Specified-Head Package HFB6 -- Horizontal Flow Barrier Package SIP5 -- Strongly Implicit Procedure Package SOR5 -- Slice Successive Over-Relaxation Package PCG2 -- Version 2 of Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Package DE45 -- Direct solver LMG1 -- Multigrid solver (for USGS use only) STR6 -- Streamflow-Routing Package ADV2 -- Advective-Transport Observation Package RES1 -- Reservoir Package (RES is the file type in the MODFLOW name file) FHB1 -- Flow and Head Boundary Package (FHB is the file type in the MODFLOW name file) IBS6 -- Interbed Storage (subsidence) Package (IBS is the file type in the name file) HUF2 -- Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow Package LAK3 -- Lake Package ETS1 -- Evapotranspiration with a Segmented Function Package DRT1 -- Drains with Return Flow Package LMT6 -- Link to MT3DMS contaminant-transport model MNW1 -- Multi-Node Well Package DAF1 -- Diffusion Analogy Surface-Water Flow Package SUB1 -- Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction Package

10. Program Flow

11. Domain Discretization

12. Governing Equation

13. FD Solution

14. Layer Conversion

15. Vertical Conductance

17. “Stress” Periods MODFLOW is designed to simulate steady state or transient conditions. For steady state, the storage term in the ground-water flow equation (see the Ground-Water Flow Process Section) is set to zero. This is the only part of the flow equation that depends on length of time, so the stress-period length does not affect the calculated heads in a steady-state simulation. However, it is required in MODFLOW-2000, as in earlier versions of MODFLOW, that the length of a steady-state stress period be specified, partly so that the same input mechanism for all stress periods can be used. A single time step is all that is required for steady-state stress periods. Unlike earlier versions of MODFLOW, the stress period length can be zero, but care is needed because a non-zero length may be important for other processes such as transport (GWT).

18. Stress Periods The biggest differences in the way stress periods are implemented compared to previous versions of MODFLOW is that MODFLOW-2000 allows individual stress periods in a single simulation to be either transient or steady state instead of requiring the entire simulation to be either steady state or transient. Steady-state and transient stress periods can occur in any order. Commonly the first stress period is steady state and produces a solution that is used as the initial condition for subsequent transient stress periods.

19. Groundwater Vistas Where to get the software: Need to register Can skip ‘last’ installation step Student version: 50 x 50 x 4 http://www.esinternational.com/software/Download.asp

20. What’s in Groundwater Vistas? Flow Models –MODFLOW88 –MODFLOW96 Double Precision –MODFLOW 2000 Transport Models –MT3DMS –SEAWAT –RT3D –MODPATH Optimization Models –Brute Force –MODOFC –SOMOS –MGO Calibration Models –PEST-ASP –UCODE –MODFLOW2000

21. Basic Steps File, new –Enter basic data Boundary conditions –(for simple confined case, heads above elevations!) Create data set Run