1. Population and Urbanization By: Kalvin, Lucas, Xavier, and Liz

2. Population Definitions Population is the number of people living in any given area in a particular time. Demography is the area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations. Demographers commonly measure birthrate, deathrate, infant mortality rates and migration rate to better calculate life expectancy Life expectancy refers to the average lifespan of a person in a given society.

3. Measuring Birthrate Birthrate is the mesure most often used to describe births in a population Measuring birthrate allows scientists to compare and analyze the birthrates of various societies Birthrate measures the annual number of live births per 1,000 members of the population Birthrate = (Live births/Total population) x 1,0000

4. Measuring Deathrate Deathrate measures morality, or the number of deaths within a society. Deathrate is the way demographers describe deaths in a population per 1,000 members of a population Deathrate = (Deaths/Total population) x 1,000

5. Infant Mortality Infant mortality is more common among underindustrialized societies Infant mortality is the annual number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births Infant mortality rate = (deaths among infants/Total live births) x 1,000

6. Migration Rate Migration is the movement of people from one specified area to another. When measuring migration, demographers look at both movement into and out of a specified area. The annual number of people that move into a given area is refered to as the in-migration rate. The annual number of people that move out of a given area is refered to as the out-migration rate (push and pull factors) Migration rate is the diffrence between the in-migration rate and the out-migration rate.

7. Growth Rate Growth Rate is the rate at which a country‘s population is increasing. Growth rate is found by subtracting the deathrate from the birthrate and is usually expressed in a percentage Doubeling time is the average number of years necessary for a population to double given its current growth rate.

8. Growth Rate and Doubling Time

9. Population Composition Population composition is the population‘s structure

10. Explaining Population Change Malthusian Theory is a theory where population increases geometrically and the food supply increases arithmetically. With limited land supply for food the rapid population growth would lead to mass starvation (too many people not enough food) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was an English economist who proposed the Malthusian theory in his work, An Essay on the Principle of Population

11. Demographic Translation Theory The Demographic Translation Theory is a theory of population where population patterns are said to be tied to a society‘s level of technalogical development Three stages of population Stage 1 (preindustrial) agricultural based societies High birthrate + high death rate = Slow population growth Stage 2 (industrialized) technalogical and medical advancments High birthrate + Low death rate – Rapid population growth Stage 3 fully developed industrial economies Low birthrate + low death rate = Slow population growth

12. Controlling Population Growth 99% of population growth occures in less developed countries Family planning is the concious decision by couples to have a certain number of children Child restrictions- in certain countries, overpopulation is a serious threat, China for example had enacted a long standing one-child policy to better control population growth

13. Evolution of the City Recognizable cities began appearing between 5,500 and 7,000 years ago Currently 48% of the world population lives in cities due to multiple push and pull factors The largest influxes of city populstions happen around Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions At the current tred an estimated 60% of people will live in urban areas by 2030 Overurbanization is a serious issue in cities, overurbanization is when more people occupy a city then can be supported, best example is during the Great depression

14. Urban Ecology During the 1920s and 1930s, sociologists intrested in urban life developed an approach to the study of cities Urban ecology looks at the relationship between people and the urban enviroment Urban ecologists believe that there is a relationshi between human behavior and the layout of the urban environment Think of people that live in New York City vs. people that live in small towns (under 50,000)

15. Urban Ecology cont. Urban areas develop in certain patterns and layouts The Concentric Zone Model Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model

16. Explaining City Life Urban Anomie theory proposes that a city is a anonymous and unfriendly olace, and living there will carries serious negative consequences Proposed by Louis Wirth in, ‘‘Urbanism is a Way of Life“ Compositional Theory examines how a cities population influences life in cities, individuals are avle to protect themselves by forming primary groups with like people Proposed by Claude S. Fischer in, To Dwell Among Friends Subcultural Theory states that cities encourage the formation of primary grops rather then discourage it

17. Movie!!! ‘‘Aftermath: Population Zero“ http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/aftermath- population-zero/ ‘‘How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth?“ http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/how-many-people- can-live-on-planet-earth/