1. The Origins & Environment

2. Little know about civilizations of Greece from 1200- 800 BCE Left no written records Only fragments of pottery 800 BCE new civilization began Lived in same environment Same crops, livestock, resources to build homes and make tools, used harbors to trade Some differences: Iron was common in 800BCE Used marble for sculptures Written language similar to modern day Greek

3. Political organization linked to conditions of environment Very mountainous, few major rivers, travel was difficult, communities were isolated Communities developed into Polis – “city-state” Each city-state had it’s own Government Laws Money Farm products were important part of economy Traded with and went to war against other city-states

4. Corinth, Eretria, Thebes, Athens and Sparta had existed for centuries As they grew the environment couldn’t support populations Small pastures did not produce enough food Some families had to leave their city-state (700- 500BCE) Established new home  colony (colonies) In Europe & Asia Took flame and bottle of earth from old home

5. Mainland city-states traded oil, pottery and wine for timber and grain ~500BCE two powerful city-states Athens Sparta

6. Divided into +100 city states Most land east of Aegean Sea ruled by one King Cyrus of Persia Also controlled city-states in Asia Minor

7. 499BCE Miletus Rebelled (Asia minor city-state) Persians crushed rebels even with help from Athens and Eretria Persians burned down Miletus and Eretria Attempted attack on Athens Athenians won even though outnumbered Greek city-states must UNITE against Persia 30 city-states united (formed an alliance) against Persia Athens and Sparta were part of this alliance Others surrendered to Persia War ended in 479BCE  victory for Greek allies

8. Next half century lived in peace under Athenian leadership Delian League Delos –the small Greek island where league’s members first met Sparta was not part of league Peloponnesian League Sparta was part of this league with other city-states of Peloponnesian Peninsula

9. 431BCE – war between Athens and Sparta Quarrel between Corinth and Athens War lasted for years Neither side able to defeat the other Athens had a strong navy 404BCE – Sparta and Persia made a deal Exchanged gold for Sparta surrendered to Persia Gold was used to strengthen the navy This allowed Sparta to defeat Athenian navy Sparta blocked Athens from getting supplies Athens surrendered Sparta defeated the enemy that was previously the ally.

10. People’s life was influenced by Philosophers Poets Playwrights Scientists Politics Believed Athen’s was world’s first example of democracy Greek word meaning “ruled by the people” Strong feeling of community in Athens Responsibility was on leaders and people

11. Male citizens played a role in city’s government Every month any man could speak in front of the Council The Council was 500 members who served a term of one year (chosen by a lottery) Any man could be put into the lottery Every committee was made up of ~ 10 men Tax collecting, street cleaning, policing One committee elected Military affairs – needed trusted experienced soldiers Most famous soldier was Pericles

12. Not all people had equal rights Women, slaves and foreigners could not speak before Council, be a member or vote Women Age 15 were considered ready for marriage – arranged by their father Spent days managing household Some skilled potters and weavers Slaves Prisoners of war, children of slaves, poor outsiders Some extremely difficult lives working in silver mines Most were household servants (cooked, cleaned, watched children Worked at trades, some ran own shops Some paid small wages – only some bought freedom 40% of Athenians were slaves The role of slaves and women allowed men to live lives discussing philosophy and politics

13. Agora – marketplace Open space serving as an assembly area Commercial, Civic, Social, Religious activities Piraeus