1. Remote Sensing Aerial Photographs Interpretation

2. 1. Aerial Photo Interpretation
Three kinds of knowledge required
- subject
- geographic region
- remote sensing system

3. 1. Aerial Photo Interpretation
Three issues unique to image interpretation
  - perspective: overhead view
  - spectrum: beyond visible
  - scale and resolution: different appearance

4. 2. Elements of Image Interpretation
Shape
Size
Pattern
Tone
Texture
Shadow
Site
Association

5. 2. Elements ..
Shape
- form, configuration, outline, or height

6. 2. Elements ..
Size
 - relative size to other objects

7. 2. Elements ..
Pattern
- - arrangement of objects into distinctive and recurring forms

8. 2. Elements ..
Tone
- B/W photo: different shades of gray, color for color photo
- image tone can be affected by illumination condition and film processing
- human interpreter is less sensitive to subtle change in tone

9. 2. Elements .. Texture - human interpreter is good at subtle
- frequency of tonal change, roughness
  - human interpreter is good at subtle
change in texture
  - illuminating angle affects texture

10. 2. Elements .. Shadow - reveals size and shape of objects
- feature within shadows are difficult to discern

11. 2. Elements ..
Site
- topographic, geographic positions

12. 2. Elements ..
Association
- characteristic occurrence of objects relative to others

13. Color Aerial Photographs

14. NIR Aerial Photographs
Photo taken as part of the NAPP mission in color IR at a scale of 1:40,000. (1”=3,333’). This image has been enlarged by x factor.

15. Aerial Photographs

16. Aerial photographs Stephen Hutcheon October 25, 2006 - 12:40PM
Google Earth spotters have discovered a strange rock formation in the prairies of central Canada that resembles a native American in headdress listening to an iPod. The rock formation is in Alberta, Canada about 300km southeast of Calgary, near the border with Saskatchewan. Dubbed the Alberta Indian, the formation was discovered by a Google Earth spotter nicknamed Supergranny. The area is situated in one of Canada's key gas fields. The nearest urban centre is Medicine Hat, a town of 56,000 known as "The Gas City" which claims to be Canada's sunniest spot. The rock formation's "face" measures about 255m across and its about 225m long. The feature which resembles an iPod earphone is actually a road leading up to what one Google Earth spotter who is knowledgeable about the region says is a natural gas wellhead.
In the Google Earth forum, the person names the well as Piper Medhat Another Google Earth spotter who appears to have some knowledge of geology write that the figure "seems to consist of an area naturally eroded out of the south side of a flat-topped mesa". (According to the Macquarie Dictionary, a mesa is a land form having a relatively flat top and bounded wholly or in part with steep rock walls, common in arid and semi-arid parts of the world.) "I can see no sign of it having been created by modern or ancient people. In generally, the shapes making up the Alberta Indian conform to the sort of cursive, fractal erosion features found all around that part of Alberta," the spotter called LoRezFlyer writes on the Google Earth forum.
Google Earth - a program which combines satellite and aerial photography - offers armchair explorers a new frontier of discovery.

17. 3. Purposes of Image Interpretation
Three purposes of interpretation
- view the photograph
- measurement (e.g. coordinates and height)
- mapping (e.g. orthophoto, DEM)

18. Measurement Overlapping photos
Forward overlap: 50-60% along flight line; sidelap: 5-15%

20. Measurement

21. Measurement

22. Mapping - Orthophotographs
Aerial photographs without geometric errors introduced by tilt or relief displacement
 Orthophotomaps and digital orthophoto Quarter Quad (DOQQ)  - show correct planimetric position and consistent scale
- a source to cerate DEM

23. Orthophotographs

24. 4. Sources of Aerial Photography
EROS Data Center
- Sioux Falls, SD, operated by USGS
Two programs related to aerial photos:
  1. National Aerial Photography Program
  2. National High Altitude Photography Program

25. 4. Sources of Aerial Photography
Two sources for the NY state GIS data including DOQs
    

26. Readings
Chapter 3