1. Vocab

2.  Centralized Government: organized government of a country or territory where power is consolidated into one body, group, or city.  Impeachment: the process of accusing a public official of wrongdoing  Reconstruction: the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union

3.  Amendment: changing or correcting  13 th Amendment: an amendment to the US Constitution that has abolished slavery and involuntary servitude  14 th Amendment: an amendment to the US Constitution that makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection under the law  15 th Amendment: an amendment to the US Constitution that prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or because they have previously been slaves

4.  Due Process : a course of formal proceedings carried out regularly and in accordance with established rules and principals  Sharecropping: a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for part of the crops they raise  Poll Tax: an annual tax that formerly had to be paid in some Southern states by anyone wishing to vote  Literacy Test: tests that potential voters were required to pass in some Southern states

5.  Grandfather Clause: Clause used formerly in some Southern states that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls  Separate but Equal: Agreement that came from Plessy v. Ferguson case that allowed Southern states to have separate facilities for African Americans as long as the facilities were equal in quality  Segregation: Separation of the races

6.  Manifest Destiny: 19 th century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican Territory  Annex: to incorporate (a country or other territory) within the domain of the state  Land Grant: land given to railroad companies by the federal government to motivate settlers to move west

7.  Sovereign: one possessing or held to possess supreme political power (country or territory)  Reservation: a piece of public land set aside by the federal government for Native American tribes  Assimilation: a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture