2. Chapter 1 (1.1-1.2)

3. Before we delve into the world of BIOLOGY, we need to examine the question: What is a “FACT?” Something that can be proved or verified by observation or measurement

4. What are some other types of facts besides the kind you just listed? Examples: historical facts,scientific facts, facts read in the newspaper

5. Is it possible for a fact to change? It depends on the type of fact. Historical facts: No. They already happened. Scientific facts: Yes. These facts are based on current knowledge & since we will never know everything, scientific facts can change when new data is discovered.

6. Science is flexible! ● It is a process and a way of looking at the world around us. Science explains the world today, based on research and evidence we have collected so far.

7. 1.1 & 1.2: What is the Nature of Science / Biology?What Methods are Used in Science? Vocabulary:  Science  Controlled experiment  Observation  Independent variable  Data  Dependent variable  Inference  Theory  Hypothesis

8. The Goal of Science… To investigate and understand nature To explain events in nature To use those explanations to make useful predictions The scientific method makes science different from non- science.

9. Science is an organized way of using EVIDENCE to learn about the natural world Fossils DNA

10. Scientific Method 1. Observation: use senses 2. Gather Data from Observations 3. Form a Hypothesis using Prior Knowledge Data 4. Test Hypothesis by Observation & Experiment 5. Record & Analyze Data (charts & graphs) Quantitative: numbers (ex: plant height= 32cm) Qualitative: characteristics (ex: red hair) 6. Form a Conclusion based on Evidence

11. Evidence & Observations How do you make observations?

12. Observation vs. Inference Be careful with your observations! Observation: use of one or more of the senses to gather information Ex: water tested at 1 site at a lake shows that the bacteria count is low Inference: A conclusion or interpretation drawn from observation and prior knowledge Ex: the entire lake has a low bacteria count

13. Hypothesis Definition: a scientific explanation for a set of observations Useful only if it can be tested! Arises from prior knowledge, logical inferences, or informed guesses A hypothesis always has value!

14. So you’ve made an observation… The information gathered from observations is called: DATA! Data can be divided into two types: 1) Qualitative: descriptions (things NOT counted/measured) 2) Quantitative: measured or counted values with a numerical value assigned to them

15. Which of the following is an inference? a)The plant is yellowish and wilting b)The plant should be moved to where there is more sun c)The plant needs water d)B and C only e)None of the above

16. Which statement would a knowledgeable scientist agree with? a)A hypothesis must be correct for it to be valuable b)Science is a collection of truths c)Scientific facts are not able to be changed d)The scientific method makes science different from non-science

17. Why Do Scientists Write Lab Reports? So their work can be reviewed & replicated by either themselves or other researchers –WHY? to assure us that the results aren’t due to chance & that they are accurate

18. Remember, the Scientific Method is… an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

19. Steps of the Scientific Method 1) observations which lead to a problem 2) form a hypothesis (testable scientifaic explanation for observations) 3) test hypothesis by setting up a CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT Controlled Experiment- isolate & test effects of a single factor or variable ; everything else is CONTROLLED (remains identical between the 2 experimental set-ups)

20. Controlled Experiments… only 1 thing (called a variable) changes *variable that is deliberately changed = INDEPENDENT variable *variable that is observed and changes in response = DEPENDENT variable

21. Control Group vs. Experimental Group typically, an experiment is divided into control and experimental groups CONTROL GROUP: exposed to the same conditions as the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP except for ONE independent variable **a scientist will usually set up several sets of control & experimental groups!

22. Prior to the Scientific Method: Philosophers such as Aristotle tried to explain their observations of the world though reasoning They thought that special “vital” forces brought some living things into being from non-living things Recipe for Bees: 1.Kill a bull during the first thaw of winter. 2. Build a shed. 3. Place the dead bull on branches & herbs inside the shed. 4. Wait for summer. The decaying body of the bull will produce bees.

23. This idea is called… SPONTANEOUS GENERATION (Life from non-life) It was accepted for centuries –Ex: Maggots are formed from meat; mice from grain; beetles from cow dung

24. Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation

25. Independent Variable What did Redi change? Dependent Variable What changed as a result & became his data?

26. What were the variables? Controlled variables (what did Redi keep the same?) jars, types of meat, location, temperature Independent variable (what did Redi change?) gauze coverings Dependent variable (what changed as a result?) if maggots appeared or not

27. Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation Was air needed for the spontaneous generation of life? “ A remarkable problem solver”

28. Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur’s experiment: –Expose both flasks (containing boiled broth) to air –BUT: Protect one sample of broth from microorganisms by curving the neck

31. Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation RESULTS: ● Microorganisms grew in broth exposed directly to air (straight neck); ● Microorganisms did NOT grow in flask with curved neck;

32. Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation ● When Pasteur broke the neck of the curved flask, the broth quickly became filled with microorganisms What did Pasteur’s experiment finally show? ALL living things come from other living things!!

33. When does a hypothesis become a theory? ● when a hypothesis is tested and confirmed often enough that it is unlikely to be disproved by future tests ● In science, the word theory applies to a well- tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations ● No theory is considered absolute truth; a theory may be revised or replaced as new evidence is uncovered… SCIENCE IS A PROCESS!!

34. For your information… THEORIES and LAWS are DIFFERENT kinds of knowledge LAW = generalizations / description of a pattern in nature (i.e. we OBSERVE the phenomenon of gravity; or that things change over time) THEORY = a well-tested explanation of those generalizations Theories do NOT become laws (or vice versa)

35. What is a controlled experiment? a)An experiment in which the scientist controls every aspect and records all data accurately b)An experiment in which there is an experimental group and a controlled group c)An experiment in which all groups tested have many differences between them (they are all considered experimental groups)