1. Purpose and Tone Tone is the emotion or mood of the author’s written voice. It is the author’s attitude toward the topic. Tone is the emotion or mood of the author’s written voice. It is the author’s attitude toward the topic. Purpose is the reason the author writes about a topic. Purpose is the reason the author writes about a topic.

2. Characteristics of Tone Words Objective (impartial) Objective (impartial) Unbiased Unbiased Neutral Neutral Formal Formal Subjective (personal) Biased Emotional Informal

3. Choose the tone: 1. “Mom, please,” she said as she rolled her eyes, “I would rather do it myself.” a. emotional b. neutral

4. Choose the tone: 1. “Mom, please,” she said as she rolled her eyes, “I would rather do it myself.” a. emotional b. neutral

5. Choose the tone: 2. “Mother, I would like to introduce you to my professor, Dr. Henry!” a. formal b. informal a. formal b. informal

6. Choose the tone: 2. “Mother, I would like to introduce you to my professor, Dr. Henry!” a. formal b. informal a. formal b. informal

7. Choose the tone: 3. “Mom, I’m having a terrible time; could you please, please come over?” a. details of facts b. details of experience a. details of facts b. details of experience

8. Choose the tone: 3. “Mom, I’m having a terrible time; could you please, please come over?” a. details of facts b. details of experience a. details of facts b. details of experience

9. Choose the tone: 4. “My mother’s name is Gerta Powell, and she was born in 1933.” a. objective b. subjective a. objective b. subjective

10. Choose the tone: 4. “My mother’s name is Gerta Powell, and she was born in 1933.” a. objective b. subjective a. objective b. subjective

11. Three Categories of Purpose To inform the reader about a topic. To inform the reader about a topic. “A healthy diet includes several daily servings from each of the major food groups.” “A healthy diet includes several daily servings from each of the major food groups.”

12. Three Categories of Purpose To persuade the reader to agree with his/her view on the topic. To persuade the reader to agree with his/her view on the topic. “Required physical education classes should be a part of public school education from elementary through high school.” “Required physical education classes should be a part of public school education from elementary through high school.”

13. Three Categories of Purpose To entertain by amusing or engaging the reader. To entertain by amusing or engaging the reader. “If clothes say much about a person, a woman risking life and limb to wear 6-inch- high heels to the office must be screaming something about herself.” “If clothes say much about a person, a woman risking life and limb to wear 6-inch- high heels to the office must be screaming something about herself.”

14. Inform, Persuade, or Entertain? __The National Hurricane Center predicts a record number of hurricanes in the upcoming months. __Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter. __Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop bad breath just as millions of others have.

15. Inform, Persuade, or Entertain? I The National Hurricane Center predicts a record number of hurricanes in the upcoming months. I The National Hurricane Center predicts a record number of hurricanes in the upcoming months. E Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter. E Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter. P Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop bad breath just as millions of others have. P Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop bad breath just as millions of others have.

16. Figure Out the Primary Purpose The primary purpose is the author’s main reason for writing the passage. The primary purpose is the author’s main reason for writing the passage. Ask, “What is the author’s main idea?” and that will reveal the primary purpose. Ask, “What is the author’s main idea?” and that will reveal the primary purpose.

17. What is the primary purpose? Think of long-term memory as a “data bank” for all of your feelings and ideas. Information you heard hours, days, weeks, even years ago is stored in long-term memory. Long term memory can handle large amounts of information; short-term memory has less space for storage. Putting information in and getting it out again is a slow process in long-term memory. On the other hand, short-term memory is a rapid process. Think of long-term memory as a “data bank” for all of your feelings and ideas. Information you heard hours, days, weeks, even years ago is stored in long-term memory. Long term memory can handle large amounts of information; short-term memory has less space for storage. Putting information in and getting it out again is a slow process in long-term memory. On the other hand, short-term memory is a rapid process.

18. The main purpose of the paragraph is: a. To argue against poor memory skills. b. To amuse the reader with humorous details about long-term memory. c. To inform the reader about the differences between long-term and short-term memory.

19. The main purpose of the paragraph is: a. To argue against poor memory skills. b. To amuse the reader with humorous details about long-term memory. c. To inform the reader about the differences between long-term and short-term memory.

20. Implied Main Ideas/Inference Implied Main Ideas/Inference When the main idea is not stated.

21. In 1917, the famed Dutch dancer Mata Hari was executed as a spy by a French firing squad. Although Mata Hari had agreed to spy for the Germans, there is no evidence that she ever gave them any information. Information about a new British tank, said to be given to the Germans by Mata Hari, was actually provided by a British Prisoner of War. The case against Mata Hari was based largely on telegrams supplied by the head of France’s espionage agency, who had tampered with them before the trial. 1. Mata Hari was executed because she was hated by the head of France’s espionage bureau. 2. Mata Hari may not have been guilty of the crimes that earned her a death sentence. 3. There is no evidence that Mata Hari agreed to spy for the Germans.

22. The month of January got its name from Janus, the Roman god of beginnings. Saturday was named after Saturn, the Roman god of agriculture. The sporting goods company Nike took its name from the Greek goddess of victory. The planet Neptune was named after the Roman god of the sea. 1. The gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman mythology had exotic and colorful names. 2. The names of the ancient gods and goddesses live on in our language. 3. Our calendar is a constant reminder of Greek mythology’s long- lasting influence.

23. Thanks to Henry Ford’s invention of a cheap automobile called the Model T, farmers from rural areas were able to sell their goods to larger markets some distance away. The Model T was introduced in 1908 and cost $850; by 1923 it cost only $290 and people from all walks of life could afford one. The Model T was so famous, popular songs and jokes alluded to it. The car made access to city life much easier, and the rural population began to diminish as a result. 1. The invention of the Model T had a profound effect on American life. 2. Henry Ford was determined to make a car that even working people could afford. 3. Henry Ford was a genius when it came to money making.

24. Context Clues Jorge has been the proprietor of the store for thirty years. His father was the owner before that. Jorge has been the proprietor of the store for thirty years. His father was the owner before that. The tiny dog looked innocuous, but in fact he was very dangerous. The tiny dog looked innocuous, but in fact he was very dangerous. Taylor was never hungry, but after going without food for three days, he was so ravenous that he ate like a dog. Taylor was never hungry, but after going without food for three days, he was so ravenous that he ate like a dog. Water may seem ubiquitous, until a drought comes along Water may seem ubiquitous, until a drought comes along

25. Review of Patterns of Organization Review of Patterns of Organization

26. In the next decade, hundreds of thousands of convicted felons who were locked up as a result of tough anticrime policies in the 1980’s and 1990’s will be released from prisons. Most community reentry programs are already underfunded and understaffed. As a result, it will be hard to arrange social services for all who need them. Yet if these services are not received, former inmates will likely drain community welfare programs and food banks. Unfortunately, a lack of necessary reentry services will often lead to a return to crime. A. Definition B. Time order – dates and events C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrast E. Cause and effect F. Classification

27. The process of human digestion begins at the very moment that food enters the mouth. At this point, both teeth and saliva begin preparing the food for safe entry into the intestine. Once the food is swallowed, it moves down through the esophagus by means of muscle contractions. When it reaches the stomach, it is mixed with enzymes and acid that ready the food for entry into the small intestine. A. Definition B. Time order – dates and events C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrast E. Cause and effect F. Classification

28. Most Americans are accustomed to thinking of lie detectors as foolproof. They assume that lie detectors can separate the guilty from the innocent without error. But, in fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Lie detectors can and do make mistakes. For one thing, those who administer the test are not necessarily qualified experts. In addition, many subjects react to a lie detector test by becoming anxious. As a result, their bodies behave as if they are lying even though they are telling the truth.

29. Example Three For centuries earthquakes were considered warnings from the gods. It is only recently that a theory called plate tectonics seems to adequately explain the cause of earthquakes. According to this theory, the earth’s surface consists of about a dozen giant rock plates, which are constantly in motion. Sometimes they collide and lock together. The locking of the plates cause the rock to fracture, causing an earthquake.

30. Example Four During World War I and II, Congress required Americans to observe daylight saving time to save energy for the production of war supplies. After studies indicated that DST reduced the need for artificial light and decreased electricity usage, DST became permanent in most states. DST is also said to prevent traffic accidents by allowing more people to return home from work in daylight. There is also evidence that DST reduces crime. Clearly, there are some good reasons for observing daylight savings time.

31. Example Five More than fifty different kinds of sea snakes live in the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Unlike sea turtles, which must crawl from the water to give birth on land, sea snakes give birth in the water. The only time a sea snake surfaces is when it needs to fill its single lung with air. Once the lung is filled, the sea snake can stay underwater for hours. Sea snakes are quite dangerous, producing a deadly poison that can kill on contact.

32. Example Six Avalanches are among the world’s most dangerous natural disasters. Fortunately, they usually occur in remote mountain areas. Occasionally, however, an avalanche can strike without warning, taking hikers and skiers by surprise. This is what happened more than a century ago when a small group of mountain climbers tried to scale the huge alpine peak Mont Blanc. They were unexpectedly overtaken by an avalanche that left only a few survivors. Three members of the party were buried in snow. When, after almost half a century, their bodies were found, they were perfectly preserved and were recognizable to a surviving member of the party.

33. The widespread use of antibiotics began in the 1940’s. Since that time, some diseases – for example, tuberculosis, have developed strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Once a new strain appears, it can rapidly spread. Scientists also fear that the overuse of antibiotics has helped to destroy other kinds of bacteria that would normally control the new and stronger strains. Thus people are becoming more vulnerable to bacteria that cannot be effectively treated with existing antibiotics.

34. The white-tailed deer was one of the first animals to be protected by federal legislation. But as it turns out, the deer were not in much need for protection. They are highly adaptable creatures, and their population has not diminished despite the loss of wooded areas. They have adapted quite nicely to life on the edge of suburbia. In fact, they are happy to supplement their diets with fruits and vegetables from gardens. In addition, many homeowners put out blocks of deer food that help the animals make it through harsh winters.

35. Congratulations! We have now completed our last seminar for KU 120! Thank you for your hard work and dedication. It has been my pleasure and privilege to serve as your professor. Good luck to all!