1. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 81 Producing Data: Experiments

2. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 82 Explanatory and Response Variables u a response variable measures what happens to the individuals in the study u an explanatory variable explains or influences changes in a response variable u in an experiment, we are interested in studying the response of one variable to changes in the other (explanatory) variables.

3. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 83 Experiments: Vocabulary u Subjects –individuals studied in an experiment u Factors –the explanatory variables in an experiment u Treatment –any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects; if there are several factors, a treatment is a combination of specific values of each factor

4. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 84 Case Study Effects of TV Advertising Rethans, A. J., Swasy, J. L., and Marks, L. J. “Effects of television commercial repetition, receiver knowledge, and commercial length: a test of the two-factor model,” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 23 (1986), pp. 50-61.

5. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 85 Case Study Objective: To determine the effects of repeated exposure to an advertising message (may depend on length and how often repeated) Effects of TV Advertising

6. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 86 Case Study u subjects: a certain number of undergraduate students u all subjects viewed a 40-minute television program that included ads for a digital camera

7. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 87 Case Study u some subjects saw a 30-second commercial; others saw a 90-second version u same commercial was shown either 1, 3, or 5 times during the program u there were two factors: length of the commercial (2 values), and number of repetitions (3 values)

8. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 88 Case Study u the 6 combinations of one value of each factor form six treatments Factor B: Repetitions 1 time3 times5 times Factor A: Length 30 seconds 123 90 seconds 456 subjects assigned to Treatment 3 see a 30-second ad five times during the program

9. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 89 Case Study u after viewing, all subjects answered questions about: recall of the ad, their attitude toward the camera, and their intention to purchase it – these were the response variables.

10. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 810 Comparative Experiments u Experiments should compare treatments rather than attempt to assess the effect of a single treatment in isolation u Problems when assessing a single treatment with no comparison: –conditions better or worse than typical v lack of realism (potential problem with any expt) –subjects not representative of population –placebo effect (power of suggestion)

11. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 811 Randomized Comparative Experiments u Not only do we want to compare more than one treatment at a time, but we also want to make sure that the comparisons are fair: randomly assign the treatments –each treatment should be applied to similar groups or individuals (removes lurking vbls) –assignment of treatments should not depend on any characteristic of the subjects or on the judgment of the experimenter

12. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 812 Experiments: Basic Principles u Randomization –to balance out lurking variables across treatments u Placebo –to control for the power of suggestion u Control group –to understand changes not related to the treatment of interest

13. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 813 Randomization: Case Study Quitting Smoking with Nicotine Patches (JAMA, Feb. 23, 1994, pp. 595-600) u Variables: –Explanatory: Treatment assignment –Response: Cessation of smoking (yes/no) u Treatments –Nicotine patch –Control patch u Random assignment of treatments

14. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 814 Placebo: Case Study Quitting Smoking with Nicotine Patches (JAMA, Feb. 23, 1994, pp. 595-600) u Variables: –Explanatory: Treatment assignment –Response: Cessation of smoking (yes/no) u Treatments –Nicotine patch –Placebo: Control patch u Random assignment of treatments

15. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 815 Control Group: Case Study Mozart, Relaxation and Performance on Spatial Tasks (Nature, Oct. 14, 1993, p. 611) u Variables: –Explanatory: Relaxation condition assignment –Response: Stanford-Binet IQ measure u Active treatment: Listening to Mozart u Control groups: –Listening to relaxation tape to lower blood pressure –Silence

16. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 816 Completely Randomized Design u In a completely randomized design, all the subjects are allocated at random among all of the treatments. –can compare any number of treatments (from any number of factors)

17. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 817 Statistical Significance u If an experiment (or other study) finds a difference in two (or more) groups, is this difference really important? u If the observed difference is larger than what would be expected just by chance, then it is labeled statistically significant. u Rather than relying solely on the label of statistical significance, also look at the actual results to determine if they are practically important.

18. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 818 Double-Blind Experiments u If an experiment is conducted in such a way that neither the subjects nor the investigators working with them know which treatment each subject is receiving, then the experiment is double-blinded –to control response bias (from respondent or experimenter)

19. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 819 Double-Blinded: Case Study Quitting Smoking with Nicotine Patches (JAMA, Feb. 23, 1994, pp. 595-600) u Variables: –Explanatory: Treatment assignment –Response: Cessation of smoking (yes/no) u Double-blinded –Participants don’t know which patch they received –Nor do those measuring smoking behavior

20. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 820 (not) Double-Blinded: Case Study Mozart, Relaxation and Performance on Spatial Tasks (Nature, Oct. 14, 1993, p. 611) u Variables: –Explanatory: Relaxation condition assignment –Response: Stanford-Binet IQ measure u Not double-blinded –Participants know their treatment group u Single-blinded –Those measuring the IQ

21. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 821 Pairing or Blocking u Pairing or blocking –to reduce the effect of variation among the subjects –different from a completely randomized design, where all subjects are allocated at random among all treatments

22. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 822 Matched Pairs Design u Compares two treatments u Technique: –choose pairs of subjects that are as closely matched as possible –randomly assign one treatment to one subject and the second treatment to the other subject u Sometimes a “pair” could be a single subject receiving both treatments –randomize the order of the treatments for each subject

23. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 823 Block Design u A block is a group of individuals that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. u In a block design, the random assignment of individuals to treatments is carried out separately within each block. –a single subject could serve as a block if the subject receives each of the treatments (in random order) –matched pairs designs are block designs

24. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 824 Pairing or Blocking: Case Study Mozart, Relaxation and Performance on Spatial Tasks (Nature, Oct. 14, 1993, p. 611) u Variables: –Explanatory: Relaxation condition assignment –Response: Stanford-Binet IQ measure u Blocking –Participants practiced all three relaxation conditions (in random order). Each participant is a block. –IQ’s re-measured after each relaxation period

25. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 825 Pairing or Blocking: Case Study Quitting Smoking with Nicotine Patches (JAMA, Feb. 23, 1994, pp. 595-600) u Variables: –Explanatory: Treatment assignment –Response: Cessation of smoking (yes/no) u Pairing? –Cannot block: participants can only take one treatment –Could use a matched-pairs design (pair subjects based on how much they smoke)

26. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 826 u Compare effectiveness of three television advertisements for the same product, knowing that men and women respond differently to advertising. –Three treatments: ads (need three groups) –Two blocks: men and women Pairing or Blocking: Example from Text Men, Women, and Advertising

27. BPS - 3rd Ed. Chapter 827 Pairing or Blocking: Example from Text Men, Women, and Advertising