1. Finance 431 Insurance Regulation Lessons from Illinois

2. Overview Historical Development –Insurance Regulation –Industry Structure –Antitrust Legislation Insurance Regulation in Illinois Analysis of the Illinois Auto Experience Generalization to Other Lines Recent Events

3. History of Insurance Regulation - 1 Objectives –Protection of the Public –Taxation Regulation by Legislation –Charters –Financial disclosure requirements Statutory Reporting Requirements –Massachusetts 1807 –New York 1827 Taxation of Insurers –Massachusetts stamp tax 1785 –New York premium tax 1824 –Differential premium taxes 1827

4. Why Were States Regulating Insurance? Commerce Clause of the U. S. Constitution “Congress shall have the power... to regulate commerce... among the several states” –Limits power of states to regulate interstate business Paul v. Virginia 1869 –Insurance is not interstate commerce Insurance contracts are not commerce Policies do not take effect until delivered, so not interstate in nature –States could regulate (and tax) insurance

5. Early Structure of the Property Insurance Industry Primarily Fire Insurance Adverse Effects of Competition Rating Associations –Local –National Board of Fire Underwriters 1866 Catastrophic Fires –New York City 1835 –Chicago 1871 –Boston 1872 –San Francisco 1906 Insurance Bankruptcies

6. History of Insurance Regulation - 2 Response to “Ruinous Competition” –Merritt Committee 1910 –National Convention of Insurance Commissioners 1914 Rating Laws Allowed Joint Ratemaking

7. Federal Antitrust Legislation Sherman Act 1890 –Section 1 - restraint of trade, including joint pricing –Section 2 - monopoly Clayton Act 1914 –Strengthened Sherman Act with specific provisions –Banned price discrimination (with many exceptions) Federal Trade Commission Act 1914 Robinson-Patman Act 1936 –Amended Clayton Act –Strong restrictions on price discrimination –Required justification for any price differentials –Goal to protect small stores from lower prices of chain stores

8. Watershed in Insurance Regulation Southeastern Underwriters Association Case 1944 –Regional rating bureau with restrictions on rates –Legal actions began in 1922 –Settlement provided payments to state officials –Result challenged by Missouri Attorney General, joined by U. S. Department of Justice –U. S. Supreme Court ruled insurance was commerce McCarran-Ferguson Act 1945 –States could continue to regulate insurance –Federal antitrust laws would be superceded by state regulation (except boycott, coercion and intimidation) –No federal law applies to insurance unless specifically stated in legislation

9. Insurance Rate Regulation Post-SEUA All states adopted rate regulatory laws to supercede federal antitrust laws –State made rates –Mandatory bureau rates –Prior approval –File-and-use –Use-and-file –Open competition Rates are not to be inadequate, excessive or unfairly discriminatory

10. Which law or court ruling currently prevents the Federal antitrust laws from being applied to the joint ratemaking activities of insurance companies? A)Paul v. Virginia B)Southeastern Underwriters Association C)Sherman Act D)McCarran-Ferguson Act E)None of the above

11. The Merritt Committee report recommended that rating bureaus should be allowed, subject to state regulation, to prevent excessive competition. Which line of business did this report consider? A)Fire B)Workers Compensation C)Automobile D)Commercial General Liability E)None of the above

12. Illinois Rate Regulation Adopted Prior Approval law 1947 Enacted Open Competition Law effective 1970 Open Competition Law expired in August 1971 Illinois has no rate regulatory law for most lines of business

13. Illinois Statistics Population 12,419,293 as of 4/1/2000 Fifth largest state Size –55,593 sq. mi. (25 th largest) Urban Population - 84.6% Per capita income $31,278 (8 th )

14. How Is Illinois Faring without Auto Insurance Rate Regulation? Loss ratio - Less variable Rate levels - Less variable Number of insurers - Highest in nation Premium levels - Lower than comparable areas Uninsured drivers - Lower Residual market size - Lower Cost of regulation - Lower Conclusion No need to regulate auto insurance rates

20. Insurance Industry Shift Auto Insurance is the primary line of business –Not subject to same risk of catastrophe –Rating information needs reduced More competitive environment Fire risk controlled –Building codes –Advances in fire protection New catastrophe risks –Hurricane –Earthquake –Flood –Terrorism

21. Generalization to Other Lines Rate regulation is not needed for any line of business with competitive markets and minimal catastrophe risk Regulation could be beneficial for particular lines that are not competitive –Title insurance Regulation could be beneficial for coverages exposed to catastrophe risk to prevent insolvencies –Hurricanes –Earthquake –Flood –Terrorism

22. Recent Events - 1 Massachusetts Auto Insurance –State made rates 1976-2007 –File and use for 2008 Reasons for change –New commissioner – Nonnie Burnes –Restricted market for coverage Few companies sell auto insurance Major national insurers won’t write in Massachusetts Setting rates under prior system was a lengthy and expensive process

23. If you were the Massachusetts insurance commissioner, how would you decide if the new system is working? A)The percent of policyholders insured through the assigned risk plan reduces. B)Insurance rate levels decline C)Loss ratios increase D)More insurers enter the market in the state E)All of the above

24. Recent Events - 2 Blueprint for a Modernized Financial Regulatory Structure –Released by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson on March 31, 2008 –Proposes Federal insurance regulation option –National Insurance Commissioner –If insurer opts for a federal charter, it would not be subject to state insurance regulation (some exceptions)

25. Based on what you know about insurance, the public interest would be best served if what level of government regulated the insurance industry? A)States B)Federal C)Both D)Each insurer should pick whether it would be regulated by state or federal government E)Insurance companies should not be regulated