1. EMULSIONS

2. Emulsions are homogeneous (by their appearance) medicinal forms consisting of mutual insoluble thin dispersed liquids intended for internal, external application, as well as for injections.

3. DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EMULSIONS
Positive
to combine immiscible liquids in one medicine;
to put into the medicine’s composition the hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicinal substances;
to regulate the bioavailability of medicinal substances (due to rapid and complete freeing or prolonging of the medicinal substances action);
to remove irritations on the skin and mucous, which are typical for certain medicinal substances;
to mask unpleasant taste and smell of some medicines.
Negative
instability of emulsions as dispersion systems under influencing of different factors (temperatures, air, light);
the possibility of the growth of microorganisms (emulsions are favourable media for the growth of microorganisms);
relatively long technological processes of manufacturing, which require the use of proper technological operations and special technological equipment;
the necessity of using emulsifiers for stabilization of the dispersion system.

4. DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EMULSIONS
For preparation of emulsions we use:
Liquids insoluble in water :
Oil:peach, olive, vaseline, etc.
Cod-liver oil
Balm, etc.
Emulsifiers: HMC

5. TYPES OF EMULSIONS Oil-water (O/W) – direct, or I-st type
(washed by water)
Water-oil (W/O) – reverse, or II-d type
(can not be removed by water)
Water-oil-water (W/O/W) or
Oil-water-oil (O/W/O)

6. Methods of formulation of primary oily emulsions
The method of formulation
The order of mixing the substances
Continental (of Bodrimon)
(emulsifier + oil) + water
English
(emulsifier + water) + oil
Russian
emulsifier + (water+ oil)

7. Calculation of the components’ amount of a primary emulsion
The oil’s amount is indicated in the prescription. If there are no indications, then take: 10.0 g of the oil (olive, peach or sunflower) per g of the emulsion
The amount of the emulsifier is determined by its ability to emulsify
The amount of water to form a primary emulsion is determined by the emulsifier’s dissolution in water

8. To 10.0 g of the oil add: Emulsifier
Water to prepare the primary emulsion
5.0 of gelatose
7.5 ml of water
2.0 of Tween-80
2-3 ml of water
1.0 of methyl cellulose
as 5 % solution
0.5 g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose
as 5 % solution – 10.0
5.0 g of starch
as 10 % solution – 50.0

9. Calculation of water for dilute the primary emulsion
Subtract the weight of the components of the primary emulsion (oil+water+emulsifier) from the emulsion’s total weight (according to the prescription)

10. The scheme of technology and quality control of emulsions
Prescription formula
Verification of correctness: registration of the prescription form, prescribing and compatibility of ingredients, doses and norms of dispensing medicines
Calculation of the amount of medicinal and auxiliary substances
Formulation of emulsions: weighing, measuring, emulsification, dilution, dispersion, mixing, filtering (if necessary):
Sanitary preparation of the personnel, premises and equipment
Preparation of the raw material, materials, medicinal and auxiliary substances

11. Rp. : Emulsi olei Persicorum 100. 0 Coffeini-Natrii benzoatis 0
Rp.: Emulsi olei Persicorum Coffeini-Natrii benzoatis Misce. Da. Signa. 1 table-spoon
WCP (reverse side)
(as an emulsifier – solution of Methylcellulose 5 %)
Peach oil: / 10 = 10.0
Solution of МС 5 %: 10.0 х 2 = 20.0 (to prepare the primary emulsion water is not required) Purified water for dilution of the primary emulsion: – ( ) = 70 ml

12. Place 20.0 g of 5 % metylcellulose solution in a porcelain mortar and triturate thoroughly. Then add 10.0 g of peach oil dropwise while triturating and emulsifying thoroughly. Collect the mass several times with the celluloid plate from the walls of the mortar and the pestle. Check the readiness of the primary emulsion and then add the purified water gradually.
Since the emulsion contains caffeine benzoate sodium, approximately ml of the purified water (or 10 % concentrated solution - 5 ml is used) for its dissolution is left. Then dilute the primary emulsion with the remaining amount of water and add the solution of caffeine benzoate sodium.

13. WCP (front side)
Date № Pr.
Sol. Methylcellulosae 5 % 20.0 Olei Persicorum Aq. purificatae ml Coffeini-natrii benzoatis mtotal = Prepared by: (signature) Checked by: (signature)

14. Rp. : Emulsi olei Ricini 200. 0 Camphorae. 1. 0 Misce. Da. Signa
Rp.: Emulsi olei Ricini Camphorae Misce. Da. Signa. 1 table-spoon 3 times a day.
WCP (reverse side)
(as an emulsifier – Tween-80)
Peach oil: / 10 = 20.0
Oil phase: = 21.0
Tween-80: / 5 = 4.2 Water for preparing the primary emulsion: g –3 ml 4.2 g x x  5 ml Water for diluting the primary emulsion: – ( ) = 170.8 ml

15. Weigh out 20. 0 g of castor oil in a porcelain cup and dissolve 1
Weigh out 20.0 g of castor oil in a porcelain cup and dissolve 1.0 g of camphor, it can be done while heating (to 40°С) on the water bath. Place 4.2 g of tween-80 in a mortar, add an oily solution of camphor and mix. Then add 5 ml of water dropwise and emulsify until the primary emulsion is obtained. The primary emulsion prepared is then diluted by ml of the purified water, which is gradually added.

16. WCP (front side)
Date № Pr.
Olei Ricini
Camphorae
Tweeni
Aquae purificatae ml mtotal =
Prepared by: (signature) Checked by: (signature)