1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 2 Introducing Operating Systems (v0.92)

2. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e2 Introduction A computer comprises hardware and software –Physical devices are the visible component –The controlling software component is not visible

3. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e3 Operating Systems Overview The OS can be analogized to a “middleman” –Between the hardware and the applications software A computer needs only one operating system Operating systems have evolved to a very large and complex software system

4. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e4 Basic Function of an OS Manages hardware Runs applications Provides an interface for users Retrieves and manipulates files

5. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e5 Figure 2-1 Users and applications depend on the OS to relate to all applications and hardware components

6. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e6 Overview of OS Types

7. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e7 DOS (Disk Operating System) The first OS used by IBM PC computers and compatibles Where DOS can still be found: –Specialized systems using older applications –On troubleshooting disks or CDs Windows 3.x and DOS –Windows 3.x provided a graphical interface –Underlying OS functions were performed by DOS

8. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e8 Figure 2-3 Windows 3.x was layered between DOS and the user and applications to provide a graphics interface for the user and a multitasking environment for applications

9. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e9 DOS Still Lives! Windows 9x/Me uses DOS in the underlying OS Windows XP/2000 run DOS emulation programs Command prompt mode of NT/2000/XP/Vista Recovery Console –2000/XP/Vista

10. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e10 Windows 9x/Me Refers to Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me Combine a DOS core with graphical user interface Designed to bridge legacy and newer technologies –Backward-compatible with older systems –Able to accommodate new technologies

11. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e11 Figure 2-5 Windows 9x/Me is the bridge from DOS to Windows NT

12. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e12 Windows NT Two versions of Windows NT (New Technology): –Windows NT Workstation for desktops –Windows NT Server to control a network Best known feature: new OS core replacing DOS Completely new file storage system (NTFS)

13. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e13 Windows 2000 Upgrades Windows NT 4.0 Improvements over Windows NT: –A more stable environment –Support for Plug and Play –Device Manager, Recovery Console, Active Directory –Better network support –Features specifically targeting notebook computers

14. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e14 Windows XP Integrates Windows 9x/Me and Windows 2000 Two main versions: Home Edition and Professional Noteworthy new features: –Allows two users to logon and open applications –Incorporates Windows Messenger and Media Player –Adds advanced security, such as Windows Firewall

15. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e15 Windows XP Requirements Installation requirements –64 MB RAM (128 MB recommended) –1.5 GB free hard drive space (2 GB recommended) –233-MHz CPU speed (300-MHz recommended)

16. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e16 Figure 2-8 The Windows XP desktop and Start menu

17. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e17 Windows Vista Newest Windows OS (4) versions Noteworthy new features: –New graphical interface –Revamped engine –A new interface between it and applications –New security features –DirectX 10 (games & multimedia)

18. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e18 Vista Issues Hefty hardware requirements Limited support for older hardware Little hardware support for DirectX 10 Software compatibility problems Performance First edition issues –SP1 released early 2008

19. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e19 Windows Server 2003 Refers to a suite of Microsoft operating systems: –Windows Small Business Server 2003 –Storage Server 2003 –Server 2003 Web Edition –Server 2003 Standard Edition –Server 2003 Enterprise Edition –Server 2003 Datacenter Edition

20. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e20 UNIX Comprises a class of operating systems UNIX versions referred to as flavors or distributions Chief uses: –Controlling networks –Supporting Internet-based applications

21. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e21 Linux Variation on UNIX created by Linus Torvalds OS kernel and source code are freely distributed Popular distributions: –SuSE (www.novell.com/linux/suse)www.novell.com/linux/suse –RedHat (www.redhat.com)www.redhat.com –Ubuntu Used as both a server and a desktop X Windows: GUI shells for UNIX and Linux

22. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e22 OS/2 Jointly developed by IBM and Microsoft Chiefly used in certain types of networks Part of OS/2 was incorporated into Windows NT

23. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e23 Mac OS First introduced in 1984 with Macintosh computers Current version: Mac OS X (ten) Mac OS X can work on some Intel-based computers Markets: education, desktop publishing, graphics Noteworthy features: –Support for graphics and multimedia capabilities –Use of the Finder program to provide the desktop –Superior Plug and Play capabilities –Excellent support for multitasking

24. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e24 Figure 2-10 The Mac OS X desktop is intuitive and easy to use

25. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e25 Operating System Components and Functions

26. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e26 Operating System Components Components common to all OS’s –Kernel –Shell –Registry database and/or initialization files

27. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e27 OS Component Descriptions The shell exposes functions to users and applications –Graphical or command prompt The kernel (core) interacts with hardware devices –Example: passes a print request to a printer device Registry database and initialization files –Store configuration information in Windows

28. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e28 Figure 2-11 Inside an operating system, different components perform various functions

29. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e29 Basic Operating System Functions Manages hardware Runs applications Provides an interface for users Retrieves and manipulates files

30. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e30 An OS Provides a User Interface Sequence of events occurring after PC is turned on –The operating system is loaded –Running OS provides an interface (desktop) –OS awaits an event, such as a double-click A user can initiate an event in several ways: –Click a menu item –Enter a command in Run dialog or command console –Double-click an icon

31. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e31 Operating System User Interfaces Command prompt GUI (Graphical User Interface –Menu –Icon

32. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e32 Figure 2-12 Enter command lines in a Command Prompt window

33. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e33 Figure 2-13 A menu-driven interface: Windows Explorer in Windows XP

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35. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e35 An OS Manages Files and Folders File system: organizes files and folders File systems used by Windows for hard drives: –File Allocation Table (FAT): tracks disk space usage –New Technology File System (NTFS): replacing FAT

36. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e36 Storage Device Structure Organization of a hard drive or floppy disk –Platter contains concentric tracks –Track contains 512 byte sectors –Cluster contains one or more sectors –Cluster is the smallest unit on disk for storing a file

37. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e37 Figure 2-14 A hard drive or floppy disk is divided into tracks and sectors; several sectors make one cluster

38. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e38 Files and Directories File system hierarchy: –Directories (called folders in Windows) –Subdirectories (child directories) –Files

39. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e39 Files and Directories (continued) Directories can contain subdirectories and files Directory table: lists subdirectories and files Root directory: directory for a logical drive; e.g., C:\ Path: drive, directories, filename, and file extension –Example: C:\wp\data\myfile.txt points to “myfile”

40. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e40 Figure 2-15 A hard drive is organized into directories and subdirectories that contain files

41. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e41 Partitions and Logical Drives on a Hard Drive Hard drives are organized into partitions Two types of partitions –Primary: can only have one logical drive; e.g., C:\ Can be bootable –Extended: can have one or more logical drives

42. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e42 Hard Disk Partitions Logical drive (sometimes called a volume) –Formatted using a file system –Has a root directory and subdirectories Disk Management tool –Used to create/view partitions, format logical drives

43. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e43 Figure 2-18 Use the Windows 2000/XP Disk Management utility to see how a hard drive is partitioned

44. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e44 An OS Manages Applications The OS installs and runs all other PC software Application: software providing services for users Applications rely on the OS for support operations –Example: MS word relies on OS to manage memory Applications are typically tailored to a single OS –Ensure that OS is suitable for a given application

45. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e45 Installing Application Software Sources of application software: –Internet, CDs, DVDs, or floppy disks (obsolete) Installation program is provided by application

46. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e46 Installation Program Tasks Folders are created on the hard drive Files are copied to the folders For Windows, entries are made in Windows registry Icons are usually placed on desktop For Windows, entries are added to the Start menu

47. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e47 Launching Application Software Using the Windows Desktop An application has to be started before use –You run, load, launch, or execute the application Four ways to run software: –Use a shortcut icon –Use the Start menu –Use the Run command –Use Windows Explorer or My Computer

48. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e48 Real (16-bit), Protected (32-bit), and Long (64-bit) Operating Modes Bit type: number of bits simultaneously processed Real (16-bit) mode –Exposes hardware to application (no longer used) –Example: DOS Protected (32-bit) and Long (64-bit) modes –OS controls how an application accesses hardware –Preemptive multitasking is supported –Example: Windows XP Professional x64 Edition

49. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e49 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit Software 16-bit software –Written for Windows 3.x –Data access is 16 bits at a time 32-bit programs –Written for Windows NT/2000/XP and Windows 9x/Me 64-bit programs –Written for Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Most software today is mostly 32-bit

50. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e50 An OS Manages Hardware OS interacts with hardware using drivers or BIOS Software falls into three categories: –Device drivers or the BIOS –Operating system –Application software

51. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e51 Figure 2-23 An OS relates to hardware by way of BIOS and device drivers

52. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e52 How an OS Uses Device Drivers to Manage Devices Device drivers: specify how to interact with a device –Example: a driver links a computer to a digital camera Drivers are provided by OS and device manufacturer Three kinds of drivers (corresponds to a mode) –16-bit real, 32-bit protected, and 64-bit long Device drivers in Windows –Before installation, verify Microsoft has tested device –Registry stores information about 32-bit device drivers –Updated drivers are available at manufacturer’s site

53. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e53 Device Drivers in Windows Before installation, verify Microsoft has tested device –Windows XP/Vista use signed drivers Registry stores information about 32-bit device drivers Updated drivers are available at manufacturer’s site

54. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e54

55. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e55 How an OS Uses System BIOS to Manage Devices System BIOS contains device information –Instructions enable CPU to communicate with device –Example: keyboard activated at startup using BIOS Configure BIOS device interaction in CMOS setup The OS may use system BIOS to access devices Disadvantage of using BIOS device management –BIOS does not operate as fast as device drivers

56. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e56 How an OS Manages Memory Memory functions performed by OS at startup –Launches utilities to manage memory –Assigns addresses to each location of memory Drivers, OS, and application use memory addresses –Enables three software layers to refer to shared data

57. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e57 OS Memory Access 16-bit applications program in real mode has direct access to RAM –Example: Under DOS The OS controls memory access in protected mode –The address spaces of a program is protected –Virtual memory expands number of running programs –Examples: Windows 2000/XP/Vista

58. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e58 Figure 2-27 Protected mode allows more than one program to run, each protected from the other by the operating system

59. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e59 OS Tools to Examine a System A variety of tools are available: –The Windows Desktop –My Computer and Windows Explorer –System Properties –Control Panel –Device Manager –System Information –Windows Help and the Microsoft Web Site

60. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e60 The Windows Desktop Primary tool provided by the Windows shell Terms associated with the desktop –Taskbar: displays information, offers program access –Service: support program running in the background –System tray: displays icons for running services –Shortcut: desktop icon pointing to a program

61. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e61 Desktop Configuration Tools Display Properties Window The Taskbar and System Tray Shortcuts

62. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e62 Figure 2-28 The Windows XP desktop and Start menu

63. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e63 My Computer and Windows Explorer Used to manage files, folders, and other resources Tools share similar functionality Perform a wide range of tasks using shortcut menus –Example: create a new file File and folder operations performed with Explorer –Creating a folder –Deleting a folder –Changing file attributes –Changing folder options

64. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e64 Explorer File and Folder Operations Creating a folder Deleting a folder Changing file attributes Erasing a file Renaming a file Changing folder options

65. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e65 Figure 2-41 Create a new file using Windows Explorer

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67. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e67

68. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e68 System Properties Utility Two ways to open the utility program: –Right-click My Computer and select Properties –Click the System applet in the Control Panel

69. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e69 System Properties Utility (continued) Some tasks that can be performed –View processor and memory information –Change the name of the computer on the network –Access Device Manager on the Hardware tab –Control performance on the Advanced tab –Switch System Restore on or off –Use the Automatic Update tab to control updating

70. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e70 Control Panel Contains applets used to manage the system Accessing Control Panel in Windows XP –Click Start and the click Control Panel Two views: Category View and Classic View Applets can be launched via the Run dialog box –Example: enter Main.cpl to open Mouse Properties

71. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e71 Device Manager Primary graphical tool for solving hardware problems Primary screen displays a list of devices –Right click Properties to view device details Symbols are used to indicate a device status –Example: red X over device indicates it is disabled

72. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e72 Device Manager (continued) Some tasks that can be performed –Enable, disable, uninstall a device –Update device drivers –Uninstall device drivers

73. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e73 Figure 2-47 Windows XP Device Manager gives information about devices and allows you to uninstall a device

74. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e74 System Information Used to view detailed information about the system Important features –BIOS version you are using –The directory where the OS is installed –How system resources are used –Information about drivers and their status To open utility, enter Msinfo32.exe in Run dialog box

75. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e75 Windows Help and the Microsoft Web Site Key guide to system Excellent troubleshooting resource –Example: analyze problem with Internet connection Microsoft Web site: http://support.microsoft.comhttp://support.microsoft.com Use search engine to locate alternative resources –Ensure that the alternative site is reputable

76. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e76 Figure 2-51 Troubleshooter making a suggestion to resolve a problem with using the modem to connect to the Internet

77. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e77 Keystroke Shortcuts in the OS Simplify interaction with the operating system Examples –Function keys: F4, F5, F8 –Text editing operations: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+x Shortcut keys are critical when mouse is not working

78. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e78 Summary The OS manages system resources for users and applications DOS (disk operating system): early command- driven OS Modern OSs: Windows 2000/XP, Linux, Mac OS X Operating systems are divided into a kernel and user shell Two OS running modes: real and protected

79. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e79 Summary (continued) OS functions: providing a user interface, managing files, managing applications, and managing hardware Windows desktop: primary graphical interface to OS Windows Explorer: used to navigate directory and manipulate files and folders Other tools: System Properties, Control Panel, Device Manager, System Information, and Windows Help Keystroke shortcuts provide a way to perform tasks without a mouse