1. ENV 2006 CS4.1 Envisioning Information: Case Study 4 Focus and Context for Volume Visualization

2. ENV 2006 CS4.2 Focus + Context for Volume Rendering Marcelo Cohen has studied the application of focus and context ideas for volume rendering Implemented as texture-based volume rendering –Distortion carried out on the GPU Case study from neurosurgery

3. ENV 2006 CS4.3 Aneurysm –A dilation of a blood vessel caused by weakening of its wall –Can rupture and cause death by haemorrhage Motivation

4. ENV 2006 CS4.4 Diagnosis –Angiography –Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) –Computerized Tomography Angiography (CTA) Motivation

5. ENV 2006 CS4.5 Motivation Our problem –Traditional imaging methods are limited Difficult to see the entire structure Can have multiple viewpoints, but still 2D –A solution is to use volume visualization Source: CTA dataset Collaborating with Nick Phillips - a neurosurgeon from Leeds General Infirmary

6. ENV 2006 CS4.6 Volume Visualization Volume –Stack of slices (images) Slice –Usually is a grey-scale image –For each voxel, the grey level indicates the corresponding tissue density How to display it ?

7. ENV 2006 CS4.7 Direct Volume Rendering Two-step procedure 1) Classification: assign opacities and colours to different tissue types Produces a transfer function

8. ENV 2006 CS4.8 Direct Volume Rendering 2) Rendering: many different ways A fast method: using 3D texture mapping in hardware –Volume is sliced into parallel planes perpendicular to the scene observer –Planes are then drawn back to front Kruger & Westermann 2003

9. ENV 2006 CS4.9 Back to Motivation Colours and opacities were chosen to show the brain arteries Surgeon needs to see aneurysm in detail But is also interested in exploring the surrounding vessels How to enhance the visualization ?

10. ENV 2006 CS4.10 A powerful visualization technique Assumptions –Identify focus in data (most important part) –The remainder is called context Main idea –Magnify the focus –Compress the context –Preserve the same screen space Focus and Context

11. ENV 2006 CS4.11 Demo: Bifocal Display

12. ENV 2006 CS4.12 Bifocal Display: How Does it work? Transformation function – shown just for x-axis From texture (x t ) to object (x o ) space: x o = f(x t )

13. ENV 2006 Applying the F+C ideas in 3D ? In this case, focus is a region around the aneurysm Again, extension of the 2D method –3D cartesian bifocal –9 regions in 2D (3 2 ) = 27 regions in 3D (3 3 ) Application: 3D Medical Data

14. ENV 2006 CS4.14 Using the CPU to calculate distortion effect preprocessing rendering

15. ENV 2006 CS4.15 CPU-based distortion: results Surgeon pleased with rendering results – 20 frames per second But distortion does not happen in real-time – surgeon wants this to be interactive

16. ENV 2006 Exploiting the programmability of the modern graphics processor (GPU) –It's possible to alter the way that image data is handled by the GPU –Fragment shader is a programme that runs on the GPU Can be written in a high-level language such as OpenGL Shading Language Executed for every fragment (pixel) drawn on screen Hardware-accelerated Distortion.. But the transformation needs to be calculated for every pixel, every slice … so rendering is slow: 2 frames per second

17. ENV 2006 CS4.17 Balancing load on CPU and GPU Best solution achieved by combination of CPU and GPU Fragment shaders are able to access texture maps created by CPU So… pre-compute distortion transformation using the CPU and store in a texture array Look up the texture array within the fragment shader on the GPU eg to encode f(x t ) 1D texture array preprocessing rendering

18. ENV 2006 CS4.18 Different Mapping Effects

19. ENV 2006 CS4.19 Extending the Effects A texture has three components: R, G, B and A So we can store further information – for example, in the x texture, a highlighting factor (h x ), or an opacity factor ( x ) Then the highlighting for a voxel is computed from h x h y h z The opacity factors combine similarly to give an atternuation factor at a voxel.

20. ENV 2006 CS4.20 Example - Highlighting

21. ENV 2006 CS4.21 Example - Attenuation

22. ENV 2006 CS4.22 Example – User interface

23. ENV 2006 CS4.23 Example – Other datasets

24. ENV 2006 CS4.24 The Movie