1. Evolution and Human Health

2. I.Motivation Evolutionary principles can contribute to understanding of origin and treatment of human disease Evolutionary perspective can supply the WHY of disease to complement the HOW of disease

3. II. Influenza A virus

4. Hemagglutinin The five antigenic sites, regions recognized by the immune system, are highlighted with colors.

5. A phylogenetic analysis of frozen flu samples Neutral evolution?? (deleterious muations eliminated) (neutral fixed)

6. A phylogenetic analysis of frozen flu samples (1968-1987) From Fitch et al. (1991). Amino Acid Replacements In antigenic sites In nonantigenic sites Surviving lineages 33 10 (into 1980’s) Extinct lineages 31 35 Drift vs. Selection 331 nucleotide substitutions 58% silent 42% replacement 18 codons in hemagglutinin gene majority were replacement

7. Predicting which lineages of flu will survive to cause future epidemics Next flu strain: one with the most mutations in the 18 codons Batting average: 9 of 11 = 0.818

8. Origin of the Pandemic Flue strains A phylogeny of flu viruses, based on the nucleoprotein genes

9. A phylogeny of flu virus hemagglutinin genes: The 1968 human flu appears to have acquired its hemagglutinin gene from a bird flu strain

10. Branches from the nucleoprotein phylogeny revealing cross-species transmissions Human flu can infect pigs Bird flu can infect pigs Pig flu can infect people.

11. Evolutionary analysis of the nucleoprotein gene from the 1918 flu Founder of clade??

12. III. Antibiotic resistance

13. An assessment of the costs of antibiotic resistance to bacteria, over the short term and over the long term Conclusions: Be very careful with use of antibiotics

14. IV. Virulence Virulence?? 1.Coincidental 2.Short-sighted 3.Trade-off

15. A trade-off between the virulence and transmission to new hosts

16. The virulence of vectorborne versus directly transmitted diseases

17. The virulence of intestinal bacteria, as a function of tendency toward waterborne transmission

18. V. Fever as an adaptation to the host or to the pathogen- determining the proper treatment Fraction surviving over time (infected) Live Bacteria

19. Does the antifever medicine acetaminophen have any effect on the course of chickenpox?

20. Do antifever medicines have any effect on the course of the common cold?

21. Do antifever medicines have any effect on the course of the common cold? Antibodies

22. VI. Parental care, step children and stress (the princess and the evil stepFATHER): Darwinian Psychoanalysis

23. Stress, cortisol levels, illness, and reproductive success for stepchildren versus genetic children in Dominica

25. Biological children have higher reproductive success during early adulthood (ages 18-28 for women, 20-30 for men) than do stepchildren

26. Homicides in Canada

27. Summary Flu Antibiotic resistance Virulence Fever Parental care, stress and illness, & reproductive success

28. Monocytes