1. CHAPTER 22
THE COLD WAR BEGINS

2. 22.1 – ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
Yalta Conference – US, GB, and USSR met at Yalta in 1945 (Feb.) to discuss the postwar world
Tensions increase between
Soviet Union and Allies
Topics included:
Poland
Germany
National rights

4. 22.1 – WHAT TO DO ABOUT POLAND?
Stalin insisted that Poland’s location made it crucial to Soviet security
WC and FDR agreed to recognize the Polish gov’t set up by the Soviets
Stalin agreed that the new gov’t would include prewar Polish gov’t members and free elections would be held

5. 22.1 – WHAT TO DO WITH GERMANY?
Divided into 4 zones:
British
American
French
Soviet
Berlin itself was also divided into 4 zones
A big issue that caused problems between the USSR and the other three was reparations

6. POSTERS FOR 22.1
Tensions Begin (p.762) – Romania, Poland, attitudes as end of the war approached (A1, A2)
Soviet Security Concerns (762) – Soviet goals, Soviet attitude about communism and capitalism (B1, B2)
3. American Economic Issues ( ) – Connection between GD and WWII, importance of int’l trade, importance of democracy and free enterprise (C1, C2)
4. Truman Takes Control ( ) – HT’s views on communism, cause of WW II and connection to the USSR, meeting with Molotov (D1, D2)
Potsdam Conference ( ) – who?, when?, where? Deal reached? (E1, E2)
Iron Curtain Descends (765) – free elections in Eastern Europe?, satellite nations, WC’s speech and the origins of the term Iron Curtain, meaning of the term (F1,F2)

7. TRUMAN TAKES CONTROL strong anti-Communist
Hated appeasement; wouldn’t appease Stalin
he demanded free elections in Poland; relations with the Soviet Union turned colder as tensions increase

8. POTSDAM CONFERENCE
July, 1945 – Truman and Stalin meet to discuss Germany
Reach an agreement:
Soviets take reparations from their zones, Allies allow economic recovery in theirs
Soviets could buy industrial equipment from Allied zones
Allies “recognize” new German-Poland borders
Result of the conference increases tension, adds to the “coldness”

9. IRON CURTAIN
As a result of Yalta and Potsdam the Soviet Union basically controlled Eastern Europe
Communist countries of EE became known as “satellite nations” – why?
Churchill gave a speech declaring an “iron curtain” had fallen across Eastern Europe
Term is used to refer to Communist nations of EE

10. 22.2 – EARLY COLD WAR YEARS
U.S. policy was to support countries opposed to/threatened by Communism
George Kennan
Wrote the “Long Telegram”; emphasized Soviet insecurity and paranoia regarding capitalism
Developed the policy of containment
What was it?
Basis of U.S. Policy throughout the Cold War

11. 22.2 – TRUMAN DOCTRINE
During 1946 the U.S. was concerned about Soviet actions and communist activities in the Middle East and SE Europe
March 12, 1947 – HT asked Congress for money to fight Communism in Greece and Turkey
In the speech he laid out his doctrine; the goal was to:
“free all people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”
--- what does this mean for U.S. policy going forward?

12. 22.2 – MARSHALL PLAN
George Marshall (Sec. of State) – proposed a plan to help struggling, postwar Europe
Combined with the Truman Doctrine, it was seen as crucial to containment (why?)
MP was rejected by the USSR and its satellites
it pumped billions worth of aid into Western Europe
US video about Truman Plan/Marshall Plan
Video about aid/country

13. 22.2 – BERLIN AIRLIFT
Opposing Soviet and American views about Germany?
1948 – GB, US, Fr. announced they were merging their zones in Germany, and in Berlin
Creation of the new country of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

14. 22.2 – BERLIN AIRLIFT cont.
This decision outraged the Soviets….reparations
USSR cut off all road/rail traffic to West Berlin
U.S. response:
Sent bombers with atomic weapons to bases in GB
Supplies were flown into Berlin
Airlift lasted from June 1948-Spring of 1949
Soviets lifted the blockade in May of 1949
Proved Allies would not give into communism
Leads to the creation of NATO
US video about BA and NATO

15. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Created in 1949
A mutual defense alliance
Soviet leaders were not happy, respond by creating the Warsaw Pact

16. 1

17. IRON CURTAIN

18. 2

19. YALTA

20. 3

21. MARSHALL PLAN

22. 4

23. POTSDAM

24. 5

25. NATO/WARSAW PACT

26. 6

27. TRUMAN DOCTRINE

28. 7

29. BERLIN AIRLIFT

30. 22.2 – COMMUNISM IN CHINA
U.S. sent aid to the Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) fighting the Communists (Mao Zedong) in the 1940s
People’s Republic of China set up in 1949 (Mao wins)
Nationalists fled to the island of Formosa/Taiwan
1950 – USSR and PROC signed a treaty of friendship and alliance

31. 22.2 – AMERICAN POLICY IN JAPAN
Gen. MacArthur was in charge of America’s “occupation” of Japan
Introduce democracy
Prevent Japanese threat in future
Rebuild economy/nation
Japan goes from being an enemy to a potential strong ally in Asia

33. 22.2 – KOREAN WAR see graphic organizer

38. YALTA CONFERENCE

39. BERLIN AIRLIFT

40. CREATION OF THE PROC

41. DROPPING OF THE BOMBS ON HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

42. NORTH KOREAN TROOPS INVADE SOUTH KOREA

43. LANDING AT INCHON

44. ARMISTICE SIGNED ENDING THE KOERAN WAR

45. FORMATION OF SEATO

46. CURRENT ISSUES IN NORTH KOREA
NK’s missile capabilities
How war might unfold
Propaganda in NK
Who has nuclear weapons?
Nuclear Weapons tests

47. 22.3 – THE COLD WAR & AMERICAN SOCIETY
Red Scare – began in the mid-1940s with the Gouzenko case
Fear of the spread of communism; find them and expose them
Major concerns about subversion

49. 22.3 – TRUMAN & THE RED SCARE HT creates the Loyalty Review Program
Screens all federal employees
How do you define acceptable behavior?
Too much power for the gov’t? (FBI)
Program actually increases public fears about the spread of communism

50. 22.3 SEARCHING OUT COMMUNISTS
HUAC
ROSENBERGS
ALGER HISS

51. 22.3 SEARCHING OUT COMMUNISTS
Many other steps were taken by other groups/institutions to ferret out suspected communists:
U. of California – loyalty oaths
Church affiliation
Taft Hartley Act

52. 22.3 JOSEPH McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin
Claimed to have a list of communists in the State Department (1950)
made a career out of going after communists/suspected communists
Greatly influences society, public debate (ex. McCarran Act)

53. 22.3 JOSEPH McCarthy
Becomes chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations
Carried out a “witch hunt”; destroyed reputations
Tactics are known as “McCarthyism”
He was finally censured by the Senate in 1954; lost public support (died in 1957)
Issues of free speech/association continue today (rapper/gang case)

54. 22.4 – EISENHOWER’S POLICIES
Election of 1952 – Eisenhower defeats Stevenson
Why didn’t Truman run?
Wanted:
Technology to deliver nukes
Use of covert operations (CIA)
Strong economy (benefits at home and abroad)
Believed
Relying solely on a large military/conventional war was too expensive
Containment could not be maintained through a series of small wars (too unpopular/expensive)
Policy of massive retaliation was more effective – threatening the use of nuclear weapons
He cut military spending by millions while simultaneously increasing the nuclear arsenal (history of nuclear testing)

55. 22.4 – EISENHOWER’S POLICIES
John Foster Dulles – key figure in foreign policy during the 1950s
Believed strongly in the policy of brinkmanship – willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down (quote on p.783)

56. 22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - KOREA
Ike wanted to end the costly/unpopular war
“hinted” to China use nuclear weapons to end it
1953 – armistice is signed; establishment of the DMZ

57. 22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - TAIWAN
1954 – PROC started shelling islands part of Taiwan
Ike has Congress authorize the use of force
Told China the U.S. would use force (naval, nuclear) to defend Taiwan
China backed down

58. 22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - EGYPT
Ike wanted to stabilize the Middle East against communism
1956 – Soviets threatened to bomb British and French that invaded Egypt
Ike put U.S. forces on “nuclear alert” and pressured the British and French to leave Egypt

59. 22.4 – COVERT OPERATIONS
Ike supported the use of covert operations to prevent communist uprisings in foreign countries (nukes made no sense in these cases-why not?)
CIA became involved in “developing nations”
Why were they especially “vulnerable” to communism?
Exs.
Iran
Guatemala
Eastern Europe (Hungary)

60. 22.4 – EISENHOWER DOCTRINE
ED – “use of force whenever necessary to assist Middle East nations resisting Communist aggression”
Prompted by events in Egypt
An extension of the Truman Doctrine and containment to the Middle East

61. 22.4 – COLD WAR HEATS UP
Sputnik – first satellite ever launched into space
Caused major concerns in the U.S.
1957/1958 – Nikita Khrushchev vowed to “crush capitalism” and demanded withdrawal of Allied troops from West Berlin
1960 – U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviets
Khrushchev cancelled a summit with Ike
Ike left office in 1961 and warned against the influence of the “military-industrial complex”