1. Overview of Camborne, UK and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Field Campaigns CAVIAR Annual Meeting 15 th Dec 2009, Abingdon Marc Coleman, Tom Gardiner, Nigel Swann (NPL) Liam Tallis (University of Reading) Stuart Newman, Jonathan Taylor (Met Office) Paul Green, Ralph Beeby, Juliet Pickering (Imperial College) + FAAM team

2. Sunday, 20 April 2014 2 Background Field measurements of water vapour continuum required to help validate modelling work Key instruments radiometrically calibrated at NPL prior to each measurements campaign –Two instruments for airborne measurements (mounted on the FAAM BAe146 aircraft) –One instrument for ground-based measurements Two measurement campaigns carried out –Camborne, UK: Low altitude – wet –Jungfraujoch, Switzerland: High altitude – dry Carried out at high and low altitude sites so that it is possible to access the centre of water bands, which facilitates characterisation of the dependence of the continuum on water abundance

3. Sunday, 20 April 2014 3 Key Instruments(1): TAFTS and ARIES Both instruments passive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers TAFTS (Imperial College) –Measures difference spectrum between nadir and zenith views –4 internal black bodies. One warm and one cold for each view ARIES (Met Office) –Can measure nadir and zenith (not a difference measurement) –Internal black bodies TAFTS – tropospheric airborne Fourier transform spectrometer ARIES – airborne research interferometer evaluation system

4. Sunday, 20 April 2014 4 Key Instruments(2): NPLs High Resolution FTIR Instrument is a Bruker IFS125M FTIR augmented with NPL optics Unlike TAFTS and ARIES system is active –Uses sun as a light source –Interfaced with a solar tracker to track sun Capable of resolutions of up to 0.0035 cm -1 Broad spectral coverage Solar tracker

5. Sunday, 20 April 2014 5 Radiometric Calibration of TAFTS & ARIES TAFTS and ARIES calibrated using a custom built black body – CAVIAR Black Body (CBB) –-80 to +40°C temp. range –Traceable to the primary radiometer (method by which the Candela is realised in the UK) Grooves for ethanol coolant CAVIAR Black Body (CBB) TAFTS

6. Sunday, 20 April 2014 6 Radiometric Calibration of NPL FTIR For active FTIR use NPLs ultra high temperature black body –~3000K –Used to realise the primary radiance scale in the UK –Traceable to the primary radiometer (as is the CBB) All three instruments traceable, therefore have comparability

7. Sunday, 20 April 2014 7 Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) After calibration TAFTS & ARIES re- installed on FAAM plane for first CAVIAR field trial Also on-board: –Chilled mirror dew point –Total water Lyman- –Fluorescence water vapour sensor –SAW hygrometer –CVI hygrometer –dropsondes

8. Sunday, 20 April 2014 8 Camborne Field Trial August – September 2008 FAAM flew out of Cranfield base NPL FTIR & Reading MICROTOPS (aerosol optical thickness) based at Camborne Met Office site Other relevant instrumentation at Camborne –Routine sonde launches from Camborne at 11:15 and 23:15 U.T. Additional launches made on good measurement days –GPS water vapour column –Laser cloud base and visibility –Surface dew point NPL FTIR Sonde launch

9. Sunday, 20 April 2014 9 FAAM Flights over Camborne South east inaccessible due to military operations Operated mainly starting from north and west –Allowed runs at low level over sea providing surface temperature and emissivity data Runs of 40 nautical miles lasted ~10min at 10,000 feet Polygon FAAM accents (balloon chasing) will allow comparison between sonde and FAAM water vapour measurements

10. Sunday, 20 April 2014 10 Camborne Water Vapour Profiles Aircraft straight and level runs divided into three sections: Camborne and northern and southern areas over ocean (Corrected) radiosonde and dropsonde profiles were used as the nearest coincident measurements of temperature and water vapour ECMWF analysis and forecast fields were used to account for changes in air mass with time and distance, allowing the sonde profiles to be modified accordingly Similar process is being undertaken for the Jungfraujoch measurements

11. Sunday, 20 April 2014 11 Camborne Flights A typically British summer! On 22 nd Aug a double flight was possible, although throughout the day broken cloud caused occasional obstruction However, 18 th Sep saw excellent clear sky conditions, hence so far analysis has focussed on this day nb. silver lining to fewer flights than planned was that additional flights were available for the Jungfraujoch field trial = aborted flight = successful flight

12. Sunday, 20 April 2014 12 Jungfraujoch Field Trial NPL FTIR (1.8 tonne of equipment!) transported to Jungfraujoch research station (~3500m above sea level) FAAM plane based in Basel Jungfraujoch research station (NPL FTIR) Jungfrau Mönch Eiger FAAM in Basel

13. Sunday, 20 April 2014 13 FAAM Flights Used glacier on approach for uniform surface temperature and emissivity measurements Runs at 15,000 to 35,000 feet Spiral ascents over the Jungfrau Dropsondes from a high level

14. Sunday, 20 April 2014 14 Jungfraujoch Research Station NPL FTIR & MICROTOPS installed at research station. Solar tracker mounted on balcony to face south looking down valley Other data available from the station –Liege FTIR (part of NDACC) –LIDAR (unfortunately v.little coincidence with flights) –Sonde launches from Payerne –GPS water vapour

15. Sunday, 20 April 2014 15 Example Effect of High Altitude Camborne and Jungfraujoch spectra from NPL FTIR show effect of measuring from high altitude

16. Sunday, 20 April 2014 16 Jungfraujoch Flights 9 flights, compared to 3 in Camborne, justified spending the summer out of Britain! Sonde launch from Payerne on evening of 20 th Jul –Will allow for comparison against FAAM instruments MetOp overpass on morning of 27 th Jul Dates when there was the most coincident air- and ground-based measurements with the smallest amount of cloud interruption were –19 th, 26 th, 27th Jul and 4 th Aug –Analysis initially to focus on 27 th July as measurement conditions very good (i.e. very clear) and coincides with MetOp overpass = aborted flight = successful flight

17. Sunday, 20 April 2014 17 Summary Achieved traceable, radiometric calibration of TAFTS, ARIES and NPL FTIR –Custom built CAVIAR BB will be available for future calibrations Two successful field trials at a low and high altitude sites –Bad weather days in Camborne off-set with better than expected weather in Jungfruajoch. So overall we posses a large body of data –Have identified key days from each field trial for focussed analysis Instrument intercomparison In support of modelling work