1. TURABIAN CITATION: FOOTNOTES

3. Turabian, pp. 143-145

5. When to footnote? When to quote directly? Direct Quotation Paraphrasing Summarizing The original language uses particular, discipline-specific terminology The original language is especially expressive, beautiful, or otherwise significant It is necessary to present someone’s exact words without any interpretation or change You wish first to present an author’s exact words, then to give your interpretation of those words

6. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing gives you the opportunity to explain the original source by… Putting someone else’s thoughts into your own words, Making those thoughts clearer and more to the point, Applying thoughts from one context to another context, Giving further examples of how the idea works.

7. Footnotes: What Are They? Footnotes (found at the bottom of the page) tell the reader exactly where the information cited can be found. The first note indicating use of a source will give full bibliographic information (author, title, date of publication, publisher, etc.) plus the page number for the information cited. Additional footnotes immediately following the first can be noted with Ibid. (meaning in the same place), followed by the page number for the information cited; OR an abbreviated reference listing the author’s name, title of work if necessary, and the page number. Additional footnotes referring to a previous note, but not immediately following ALWAYS list the author’s name (title of work when necessary) and the page number.

9. Primary document in a source book 1. P.N. Miliukov, “Stupidity or Treason?” in The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921, ed. Ronald Kowalski (New York: Routledge, 1997), 33. 2. Petr Chaadaev, “Philosophical Letter,” in Derek Offord, Nineteenth-Century Russia: Opposition to Autocracy (New York: Longman, 1999), 25. 3. Miliukov, “Stupidity,” 35.

10. Internet database, primary 11. Count von Moltke, “The Coronation of Tsar Alexander II (1855),” Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/mod sbook39.html [accessed July 7, 2009]. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/mod sbook39.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/mod sbook39.html 12. Von Moltke, “Coronation.”

11. Book, by author or editor 9. Daniel T. Orlovsky, The Limits of Reform: The Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia, 1802-1881 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 22. 10. Edith W. Clowes, Samuel D. Kassow, and James L. West, eds., Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 18.

12. Scholarly article (print or database) 8. Sarah Stein, “Faces of Protest: Yiddish Cartoons and the 1905 Revolution,” Slavic Review 61, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 733.

13. Internet site (secondary) 16. “History and Culture of Russia,” Geographia, http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis1.html [accessed July 7, 2009]. http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis1.html

14. MERSH (signed encyclopedia article) 22. John B. Smith, “Franco-Russian Treaties-of 1891-1894,” in Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, ed. Joseph Wieczynski, vol. 11 (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1977), 19.

15. Book review 13. Thomas F. Remington, review of The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia, by Jerry F. Hough, Slavic Review 61, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 870. 14. Ibid., 871.