2. CELLS Organization of Living Organisms

3. Hooke English philosopher Used primitive microscopes under coarse adjustment to view specimens. Coined the term “cell” in the 1600’s

4. LEUWENHOEK Anton Von Leuwenhoek studied pond water to observe its living contents SCHLEIDEN & SCHWANN Mattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann determined the first point of the cell theory: All organisms are made up of cells

5. Cell Theory 1.ALL organisms are made of one or more cells 2.The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things 3.ALL cells arise from preexisting cells

6. Cells specialize and are grouped into tissues  Different tissues combine to form organs  Several organs form systems to carry out life functions

7. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic SmallSimple No nucleus (DNA/RNA float in cell) GrowReproduce Respond to environment Ex: bacteria LargeComplex Have nucleus (contains DNA/RNA) Have organelles GrowReproduce Respond to environment Ex: plants, animals, fungi, insects etc

8. Cells = The basic structure of life! Cells have specific structures that perform specific jobs called ORGANELLES Organelles are floating in the jellylike substances in the cell called CYTOPLASM

9. Organelles 1.Nucleus 2.Mitochondria 3.Vacuoles 4.Ribosomes 5.Endoplasmic Reticulum 6.Lysosome 7.Golgi Body 8.Cell Membrane 9.Chloroplast 10.Cell Wall 11.Cilia 12.Flagellum 13.Centriole

10. bacteria cells Types of cells animal cells plant cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles

11. Cell size comparison Bacterial cell Animal cell  micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter  diameter of human hair = ~20 microns most bacteria  1-10 microns eukaryotic cells  10-100 microns

12. Why study cells? Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies bodies are made up of cells bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life! cells do all the work of life!

13. What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… “breathe” “breathe” gas exchange: O 2 in vs. CO 2 out eat eat take in & digest food make energy make energyATP build molecules build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids remove wastes remove wastes control internal conditions control internal conditionshomeostasis respond to external environment respond to external environment build more cells build more cells growth, repair, reproduction & development The Work of Life ATP

14. Cells have 3 main jobs make energy make energy need energy for all activities need to clean up waste produced while making energy make proteins make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them make more cells make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells The Jobs of Cells Our organelles do all these jobs! ATP

15. Organelles Organelles do the work of cells each structure has a job to do each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Model Animal Cell They’re like mini-organs!

16. 1. Cells need power! Making energy to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O 2 ) make ATP remove waste organelles that do this work… organelles that do this work… cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria ATP

17. Function separates cell from outside separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell controls what enters or leaves cell O 2, CO 2, food, H 2 O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Structure double layer of fat double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer receptor molecules receptor molecules proteins that receive signals Cell membrane lipid “tail” phosphate “head”

18. Vacuoles & vesicles Function moving material around cell moving material around cell storage storageStructure membrane sac membrane sac small food particle vesicle vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients

19. Food & water storage plant cells contractile vacuole animal cells central vacuole food vacuole

20. Function make ATP energy from cellular respiration make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O 2  ATP fuels the work of life Structure double membrane double membrane Mitochondria in both animal & plant cells ATP

21. Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O 2 make energy from sugar + O 2 cellular respiration sugar + O 2  ATP Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight make energy + sugar from sunlightphotosynthesis sunlight + CO 2  ATP & sugar ATP = active energy ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy sugar = stored energy build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars Plants make energy two ways! ATP sugar ATP

22. Mitochondria are in both cells!!

23. 2. Cells need workers = proteins! Making proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must… to run daily life & growth, the cell must… read genes (DNA) build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors signals (hormones) & receptors organelles that do this work… organelles that do this work…nucleusribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus

24. Proteins do all the work! cellsDNAproteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! signals structural enzymes receptors

25. Nucleus Function control center of cell control center of cell protects DNA protects DNA instructions for building proteins Structure nuclear membrane nuclear membrane nucleolus nucleolus ribosome factory chromosomes chromosomesDNA

26. Ribosomes on ER Ribosomes Function protein factories protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA read instructions to build proteins from DNAStructure some free in cytoplasm some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER some attached to ER

27. Function works on proteins works on proteins helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them makes membranes makes membranesStructure rough ER rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins smooth ER smooth ER makes membranes Endoplasmic Reticulum

28. transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department shipping & receiving department ships proteins in vesicles ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks” Structure membrane sacs membrane sacs Golgi Apparatus

29. DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus

30. central vacuole  storage: food, water or waste mitochondria  make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast  make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell wall  support cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals Golgi apparatus  finish & ship proteins nucleus  control cell  protects DNA endoplasmic reticulum  processes proteins  makes membranes lysosome  digestion & clean up ribosomes  make proteins cytoplasm  jelly-like material around organelles nucleolus  make ribosomes

31. 3. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells organelles that do this work… organelles that do this work…nucleuscentrioles

32. Centrioles Function help coordinate cell division help coordinate cell division only in animal cells Structure one pair in each cell one pair in each cell

33. cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes Golgi apparatus  finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage centrioles  cell division

34. Cells have 3 main jobs make energy make energy need food + O 2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes make proteins make proteins need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein make more cells make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells Cell Summary Our organelles do all those jobs!

35. Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration directly through membrane simple diffusion no energy needed help through a protein channel facilitated diffusion (with help) no energy needed HIGH LOW

36. DIFFUSION Collisions between molecules cause them to continually spread apart Movement occurs until molecules are equally distributed = EQUILIBRIUM

37. Simple vs. facilitated diffusion inside cell outside cell lipid inside cell outside cell H2OH2O simple diffusionfacilitated diffusion H2OH2O protein channel

38. Active Transport Movement of molecules from low to high concentration (riding a bike uphill) Must use ENERGY or ATP to move molecules Move in and out until the molecules reach EQUALIBRIUM

39. Osmosis Diffusion of WATER across a cell membrane High to low concentration Cells are 98% water and 2% dissolved minerals

40. Osmosis If the liquid that surrounds the cell has the same concentration of water as the cytoplasm no net diffusion occurs in either direction (molecules move at equal rates) If the water concentration is low and solute is high the cell membrane will shrink If the water concentration is high and solute is low the cell membrane will expand.. Cell will burst

41. Osmosis If the liquid outside of the cell has a high concentration of water (less solute) than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the cell If the liquid outside of the cell has a lower concentration of water (more solute) than the cytoplasm water will diffuse out of the cell

42. Keeping Water Balance Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss