1. Many of the figures from this book may be reproduced free of charge in scholarly articles, proceedings, and presentations, provided only that the following citation is clearly indicated: “Reproduced with the permission of the publisher from Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.” Reproduction for any use other than as stated above requires the written permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Reproduction of any figure that bears a copyright notice other than that of Pearson Education, Inc., requires the permission of that copyright holder.

2. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.1 Evolution of two important commercial real-time 3D graphics platforms: OpenGL and Direct3D.

3. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.2 Structure of a simple OpenGL application.

4. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.3 Simplified view of the fundamental components of the OpenGL fixed-function pipeline.

5. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.4 OpenGL’s geometry pipeline: a sequence of coordinate systems through which each 3D vertex of the original model progresses, via transformations, into its corresponding 2D display-device position.

6. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.5 Simplified view of the fundamental components of the OpenGL programmable pipeline.

7. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.6 Abstract view of the typical application pipeline transforming the application model into a scene delivered to the immediate-mode platform for rendering.

8. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.7 Software stack for an application that describes the scene directly to the immediate-mode platform.

9. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.8 Software stack for an application that constructs the scene using retained-mode middleware.

10. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.9 Sample sequence of components in a typical AMIP.

11. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.10 Sample distribution of AMIP responsibilities in an application using retained-mode middleware.

12. From Computer Graphics, Third Edition, by John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, James D. Foley, Steven K. Feiner, and Kurt Akeley (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39952-6). Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 16.11 Abstract depiction of an RM layer providing two types of optimization discussed in Section 16.4.2 (view-frustum culling and IM-instruction reuse), showing the synchronization logic that ensures the acceleration data structures (BVH and IM-instruction cache, in this example) are updated when the scene graph is modified.